Swahili
Etymology
Borrowed from Arabic لَوْم (lawm).[1]
Pronunciation
Verb
-laumu (infinitive kulaumu)
- to blame
Conjugation
| Conjugation of -laumu
|
| Positive present
|
-nalaumu
|
| Subjunctive
|
-laumu
|
| Negative
|
-laumu
|
| Imperative singular
|
laumu
|
|
| Infinitives
|
| Positive
|
kulaumu
|
| Negative
|
kutolaumu
|
|
| Imperatives
|
| Singular
|
laumu
|
| Plural
|
laumuni
|
|
| Tensed forms
|
| Habitual
|
hulaumu
|
| Positive past
|
positive subject concord + -lilaumu
|
| Negative past
|
negative subject concord + -kulaumu
|
|
| Positive present (positive subject concord + -nalaumu)
|
|
|
Singular
|
Plural
|
| 1st person
|
ninalaumu/nalaumu
|
tunalaumu
|
| 2nd person
|
unalaumu
|
mnalaumu
|
| 3rd person
|
m-wa(I/II)
|
analaumu
|
wanalaumu
|
| other classes
|
positive subject concord + -nalaumu
|
|
| Negative present (negative subject concord + -laumu)
|
|
|
Singular
|
Plural
|
| 1st person
|
silaumu
|
hatulaumu
|
| 2nd person
|
hulaumu
|
hamlaumu
|
| 3rd person
|
m-wa(I/II)
|
halaumu
|
hawalaumu
|
| other classes
|
negative subject concord + -laumu
|
|
| Positive future
|
positive subject concord + -talaumu
|
| Negative future
|
negative subject concord + -talaumu
|
|
| Positive subjunctive (positive subject concord + -laumu)
|
|
|
Singular
|
Plural
|
| 1st person
|
nilaumu
|
tulaumu
|
| 2nd person
|
ulaumu
|
mlaumu
|
| 3rd person
|
m-wa(I/II)
|
alaumu
|
walaumu
|
| other classes
|
positive subject concord + -laumu
|
|
| Negative subjunctive
|
positive subject concord + -silaumu
|
| Positive present conditional
|
positive subject concord + -ngelaumu
|
| Negative present conditional
|
positive subject concord + -singelaumu
|
| Positive past conditional
|
positive subject concord + -ngalilaumu
|
| Negative past conditional
|
positive subject concord + -singalilaumu
|
|
| Gnomic (positive subject concord + -alaumu)
|
|
|
Singular
|
Plural
|
| 1st person
|
nalaumu
|
twalaumu
|
| 2nd person
|
walaumu
|
mwalaumu
|
| 3rd person
|
m-wa(I/II)
|
alaumu
|
walaumu
|
| m-mi(III/IV)
|
walaumu
|
yalaumu
|
| ji-ma(V/VI)
|
lalaumu
|
yalaumu
|
| ki-vi(VII/VIII)
|
chalaumu
|
vyalaumu
|
| n(IX/X)
|
yalaumu
|
zalaumu
|
| u(XI)
|
walaumu
|
see n(X) or ma(VI) class
|
| ku(XV/XVII)
|
kwalaumu
|
|
| pa(XVI)
|
palaumu
|
|
| mu(XVIII)
|
mwalaumu
|
|
|
| Perfect
|
positive subject concord + -melaumu
|
| "Already"
|
positive subject concord + -meshalaumu
|
| "Not yet"
|
negative subject concord + -jalaumu
|
| "If/When"
|
positive subject concord + -kilaumu
|
| "If not"
|
positive subject concord + -sipolaumu
|
| Consecutive
|
kalaumu / positive subject concord + -kalaumu
|
| Consecutive subjunctive
|
positive subject concord + -kalaumu
|
|
| Object concord (indicative positive)
|
|
|
Singular
|
Plural
|
| 1st person
|
-nilaumu
|
-tulaumu
|
| 2nd person
|
-kulaumu
|
-walaumu/-kulaumuni/-walaumuni
|
| 3rd person
|
m-wa(I/II)
|
-mlaumu
|
-walaumu
|
| m-mi(III/IV)
|
-ulaumu
|
-ilaumu
|
| ji-ma(V/VI)
|
-lilaumu
|
-yalaumu
|
| ki-vi(VII/VIII)
|
-kilaumu
|
-vilaumu
|
| n(IX/X)
|
-ilaumu
|
-zilaumu
|
| u(XI)
|
-ulaumu
|
see n(X) or ma(VI) class
|
| ku(XV/XVII)
|
-kulaumu
|
|
| pa(XVI)
|
-palaumu
|
|
| mu(XVIII)
|
-mulaumu
|
|
| Reflexive
|
-jilaumu
|
|
| Relative forms
|
| General positive (positive subject concord + (object concord) + -laumu- + relative marker)
|
|
|
Singular
|
Plural
|
| m-wa(I/II)
|
-laumuye
|
-laumuo
|
| m-mi(III/IV)
|
-laumuo
|
-laumuyo
|
| ji-ma(V/VI)
|
-laumulo
|
-laumuyo
|
| ki-vi(VII/VIII)
|
-laumucho
|
-laumuvyo
|
| n(IX/X)
|
-laumuyo
|
-laumuzo
|
| u(XI)
|
-laumuo
|
see n(X) or ma(VI) class
|
| ku(XV/XVII)
|
-laumuko
|
|
| pa(XVI)
|
-laumupo
|
|
| mu(XVIII)
|
-laumumo
|
|
|
| Other forms (subject concord + tense marker + relative marker + (object concord) + -laumu)
|
|
|
Singular
|
Plural
|
| m-wa(I/II)
|
-yelaumu
|
-olaumu
|
| m-mi(III/IV)
|
-olaumu
|
-yolaumu
|
| ji-ma(V/VI)
|
-lolaumu
|
-yolaumu
|
| ki-vi(VII/VIII)
|
-cholaumu
|
-vyolaumu
|
| n(IX/X)
|
-yolaumu
|
-zolaumu
|
| u(XI)
|
-olaumu
|
see n(X) or ma(VI) class
|
| ku(XV/XVII)
|
-kolaumu
|
|
| pa(XVI)
|
-polaumu
|
|
| mu(XVIII)
|
-molaumu
|
|
|
|
| Some forms not commonly seen in modern Standard Swahili are absent from the table. See Appendix:Swahili verbs for more information.
|
Derived terms
References
- ^ Baldi, Sergio (30 November 2020) Dictionary of Arabic Loanwords in the Languages of Central and East Africa (Handbuch der Orientalistik; Erste Abteilung: Der Nahe und der Mittlere Osten; 145), Leiden • Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 273 Nr. 2571