nad

nad

1. (linguistics) noun animate dependent

Douglas Harper suggests an abbreviation of gonad originating among biology students.

• Audio (General Australian):

  (file)

nad (plural nads)

1. (slang, mostly plural) testicle
   • 2004, Bob Gunn, Sex, Ghosts and Gumshoes, page 119:

     I look down and the little one has already cut right through my ball sac and is in the process of slicing my left nad free.

• -and, -dan, ADN, AND, DAN, DNA, Dan, Dan., NDA, and, and-, dan, dna

Inherited from Old Czech nad, from Proto-Slavic *nadъ.

• IPA^(key): [ˈnat]

• Audio:

  (file)

• Rhymes: -at

nad [with instrumental]

1. over, above

   Antonym: pod

• “nad”, in Příruční slovník jazyka českého (in Czech), 1935–1957
• “nad”, in Slovník spisovného jazyka českého (in Czech), 1960–1971, 1989

• And, dan, Dan, dna, DNA

Clipping of nemad.

• IPA^(key): /ˈnɑd̥/, [ˈnɑd̥]
• Rhymes: -ɑd
• Hyphenation: nad

nad (genitive nende, partitive neid)

1. short form of nemad: they

Declension of the Estonian personal pronouns
	singular						plural
	1st person		2nd person		3rd person		1st person		2nd person		3rd person
	long	short	long	short	long	short	long	short	long	short	long	short
nominative	mina	ma	sina	sa	tema	ta	meie	me	teie	te	nemad	nad
genitive1	minu	mu	sinu	su	tema	ta	meie	me	teie	te	nende
partitive	mind		sind		teda		meid		teid		neid
illative	minusse	musse	sinusse	susse	temasse	tasse	–	meisse	–	teisse	nendesse	neisse
inessive	minus	mus	sinus	sus	temas	tas	–	meis	–	teis	nendes	neis
elative	minust	must	sinust	sust	temast	tast	–	meist	–	teist	nendest	neist
allative	minule	mulle	sinule	sulle	temale	talle	–	meile	–	teile	nendele	neile
adessive	minul	mul	sinul	sul	temal	tal	–	meil	–	teil	nendel	neil
ablative	minult	mult	sinult	sult	temalt	talt	–	meilt	–	teilt	nendelt	neilt
translative	minuks	–	sinuks	–	temaks	–	meieks	meiks	teieks	teiks	nendeks	neiks
terminative	minuni	–	sinuni	–	temani	–	meieni	–	teieni	–	nendeni	–
essive	minuna	–	sinuna	–	temana	–	meiena	–	teiena	–	nendena	–
abessive	minuta	–	sinuta	–	temata	–	meieta	–	teieta	–	nendeta	–
comitative	minuga	muga	sinuga	suga	temaga	taga	meiega	–	teiega	–	nendega	–
1) Also used possessively. Forms in italics are nonstandard.

Estonian personal pronouns
		singular		plural
		long	short	long	short
1st person		mina	ma	meie	me
2nd person	familiar	sina	sa	teie	te
	polite	Teie	Te
3rd person	animate	tema	ta	nemad	nad
	inanimate	see		need

• nad in Sõnaveeb (Eesti Keele Instituut)
• “nad”, in [EKSS] Eesti keele seletav sõnaraamat [Descriptive Dictionary of the Estonian Language] (in Estonian) (online version), Tallinn: Eesti Keele Sihtasutus (Estonian Language Foundation), 2009

• nade

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *nadъ.

• IPA^(key): /ˈnat/
• Rhymes: -at
• Syllabification: nad

nad

1. denotes location; above, over [with instrumental]

• “nad”, in Internetowi Słowôrz Kaszëbsczégò Jãzëka [Internet Dictionary of the Kashubian Language], Fundacja Kaszuby, 2022
• Eùgeniusz Gòłąbk (2011) “nad(e)”, in Słownik Polsko-Kaszubski / Słowôrz Pòlskò-Kaszëbsczi‎^[1]

• nade, nhadde

not +‎ had

nad

1. had not

• Yola: nad

• “nad”, in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007.

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *nadъ.

• IPA^(key): (13^th CE) /ˈnad/
• IPA^(key): (15^th CE) /ˈnat/

nad

1. denotes movement; to over, to above [with accusative]
2. denotes movement; to under, to below [with accusative]
3. denotes subject of an attack etc. [with accusative]
4. denotes a higher position in comparisons; above [with accusative]
5. denotes larger amount; above, more than [with accusative or instrumental]
6. denotes first degree of comparisons; more than [with accusative or instrumental]
7. with a reduplicated noun, expresses superlative nature; of [with accusative]
8. denotes additionality or excess; in addition to [with accusative]
9. denotes a manner contrary to something else. [with accusative]
10. denotes location; above, over [with instrumental]
11. denotes position in a hierarchy; above, over [with instrumental]
12. denotes vessel through which divine action is taken; through [with instrumental]
13. denotes target of an action aimed at [with instrumental]
14. denotes subject of power; over, above [with instrumental]
15. denotes subject of emotion; over [with instrumental]
16. denotes contradiction; despite [with instrumental]

• Czech: nad

• Jan Gebauer (1903–1916) “nad”, in Slovník staročeský (in Czech), Prague: Česká grafická společnost "unie", Česká akademie císaře Františka Josefa pro vědy, slovesnost a umění

nad

1. alternative spelling of nád

• nade

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *nadъ. First attested in the 14th century.

• IPA^(key): (10^th–15^th CE) /nat/
• IPA^(key): (15^th CE) /nat/

nad

1. denotes location; above, over [with instrumental]
2. denotes location; near, close to [with instrumental]
3. denotes time; just before [with instrumental]
4. denotes cause; because of [with instrumental]
5. denotes position in comparison; over, more than [with instrumental or accusative]
6. with a reduplicated noun, expresses superlative nature; of [with instrumental]
7. denotes subject of power; above [with instrumental]
8. denotes subject of someones thoughts or actions in relation to, vis-a-vis [with instrumental]
9. denotes motion; to above, to over [with accusative]

• Polish: nad, nade
• Silesian: nad, nady

• Boryś, Wiesław (2005) “nad”, in Słownik etymologiczny języka polskiego (in Polish), Kraków: Wydawnictwo Literackie, →ISBN
• Bańkowski, Andrzej (2000) “nad”, in Etymologiczny słownik języka polskiego [Etymological Dictionary of the Polish Language] (in Polish)
• B. Sieradzka-Baziur, Ewa Deptuchowa, Joanna Duska, Mariusz Frodyma, Beata Hejmo, Dorota Janeczko, Katarzyna Jasińska, Krystyna Kajtoch, Joanna Kozioł, Marian Kucała, Dorota Mika, Gabriela Niemiec, Urszula Poprawska, Elżbieta Supranowicz, Ludwika Szelachowska-Winiarzowa, Zofia Wanicowa, Piotr Szpor, Bartłomiej Borek, editors (2011–2015), “nad, nade”, in Słownik pojęciowy języka staropolskiego [Conceptual Dictionary of Old Polish] (in Polish), Kraków: IJP PAN, →ISBN

• nade

Inherited from Old Polish nad.

• Audio:

  (file)

• Rhymes: -at
• Syllabification: nad
• Homophone: nad-

nad

1. denotes location; above, over [with instrumental]

   Synonyms: ponad, powyżej

   Coordinate terms: pod, popod

   Nad biurkiem wisi piękny obraz. ― Above the desk hangs a beautiful painting.

2. denotes location, particularly in relation to a body of water; on, by [with instrumental]

   Mieszkają w dużym domu nad morzem. ― They live in a big house by the sea.

   Opole leży nad Odrą. ― Opole lies on the Oder.

3. denotes motion; to above, to over [with accusative]

   Synonyms: ponad, powyżej

   Coordinate terms: pod, popod

   Podnieś ręce nad głowę! ― Put your hands above your head!

4. denotes movement, particularly in relation to a body of water; to [with accusative]

   Antonym: znad

   W niedzielę jedziemy nad jezioro. ― We're going to the lake on Sunday.

5. (literary or dialectal, Chełmno) denotes position in comparison; than; over [with accusative]
6. over (indicates relative status, authority or power) [with instrumental]

   Antonym: pod

   Nauczyciel umiejętnie panuje nad klasą. ― The teacher skillfully keeps control over the class.

7. (literary) denotes highest degree of intensity of an action or state;

   Synonym: ponad

   Kocham to nad życie. ― I love it to death/more than life itself/more than anything in the world.

8. denotes subject of activities; on [with instrumental]

   Pracuję nad scenariuszem do nowego filmu. ― I'm working on a script for a new film.

9. with a reduplicated noun, expresses superlative nature; the greatest of all, of [with instrumental or (stylized) accusative]

   Oj, marzy mi się pizza nad pizzami! ― Oh, I dream of the greatest of all pizzas!

   Zawisza Czarny, rycerz nad rycerzami, zginął po wzięciu do tureckiej niewoli. ― Zawisza Czarny, a knight of the knights, was killed after being captured by the Turks.

According to Słownik frekwencyjny polszczyzny współczesnej (1990), nad is one of the most used words in Polish, appearing 91 times in scientific texts, 107 times in news, 101 times in essays, 127 times in fiction, and 72 times in plays, each out of a corpus of 100,000 words, totaling 498 times, making it the 90th most common word in a corpus of 500,000 words.^[1]

• nad in Wielki słownik języka polskiego, Instytut Języka Polskiego PAN
• nad in Polish dictionaries at PWN
• Maria Renata Mayenowa, Stanisław Rospond, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Hrabec, Władysław Kuraszkiewicz (2010-2023) “nad, nade”, in Słownik Polszczyzny XVI Wieku [A Dictionary of 16th Century Polish]
• “NAD”, in Elektroniczny Słownik Języka Polskiego XVII i XVIII Wieku [Electronic Dictionary of the Polish Language of the XVII and XVIII Century], 17 December 2008
• Samuel Bogumił Linde (1807–1814) “nad”, in Słownik języka polskiego
• Aleksander Zdanowicz (1861) “nad”, in Słownik języka polskiego, Wilno 1861
• J. Karłowicz, A. Kryński, W. Niedźwiedzki, editors (1904), “nad”, in Słownik języka polskiego (in Polish), volume 3, Warsaw, page 28
• Kazimierz Nitsch (1907) “nad”, in “Dyalekty polskie Prus zachodnich”, in Materyały i Prace Komisyi Językowej Akademii Umiejętności w Krakowie (in Polish), volume 3, Krakow: Akademia Umiejętności, page 390

Univerbation of an (“in”) +‎ do (“thy”)

nad (+ dative, triggers lenition)

1. in thy; in your (singular)

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *nadъ. Compare na (“on, onto”), nad-, nat-.

• IPA^(key): /nâd/

nȁd (Cyrillic spelling на̏д)

1. over, above (with no change of position, answering the question gdjȅ/gdȅ) [with instrumental]

   Synonym: ȉznad

   Antonym: pȍd

   nad stolom ― over the table

   vlast nad nekim ― power over somebody

   heroj nad herojima ― the greatest of all heroes

2. over, above (usually with change of position, answering the question kùda) [with accusative]

   Synonym: ȉznad

   Antonym: pȍd

   Nagnuo se nad vodu. ― He leaned over the water.

• “nad”, in Hrvatski jezični portal [Croatian language portal] (in Serbo-Croatian), 2006–2025

• nady

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *nadъ.

• IPA^(key): /ˈnat/

• Audio:

  (file)

• Rhymes: -at
• Syllabification: nad

nad

1. denotes location; above, over [with instrumental]

   Synonyms: pōnad, powyżyj

   Coordinate term: pod

2. denotes movement; to above, to over [with accusative]

   Synonyms: pōnad, powyżyj

   Coordinate term: pod

3. denotes position close to water; by [with instrumental]

   Synonym: kole

4. denotes movement close to water; to [with accusative]
5. denotes object of certain actions. [with instrumental]
6. denotes proximity of a time; around [with instrumental]
7. denotes object most affceted by something. [with accusative]
8. with a reduplicated noun, expresses superlative nature; of [with instrumental]

• nad in silling.org

• nado

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *nadъ.

• IPA^(key): [nat]

nad

This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

• “nad”, in Slovníkový portál Jazykovedného ústavu Ľ. Štúra SAV [Dictionary portal of the Ľ. Štúr Institute of Linguistics, Slovak Academy of Science] (in Slovak), https://slovnik.juls.savba.sk, 2003–2025

Inherited from Proto-Slavic [Term?].

• IPA^(key): /nat/

nad

1. over, above (stationary) [with instrumental]
2. over, above (motion towards) [with accusative]

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *nadъ.

• IPA^(key): /ˈnat/
• Rhymes: -at
• Syllabification: nad

nad

1. denotes motion; to above, to over [with accusative]
2. denotes movement, particularly in relation to a body of water; to [with accusative]
3. denotes location; above, over [with instrumental]
4. denotes location, particularly in relation to a body of water; on, by [with instrumental]
5. denotes extension past something; above, beyond [with instrumental]
6. over (indicates relative status, authority or power) [with instrumental]

• Lorentz, Friedrich (1908) “nãd”, in Slovinzisches Wörterbuch‎^[2] (in German), volume 1, Saint Petersburg: ОРЯС ИАН, page 683

From na with the same meaning, perhaps with addition of yd (affirmative particle).^[1]

• IPA^(key): /nad/

nad

1. (formal) that … not (introduces a negative noun clause, marking it for emphasis)

   Mae e’n dweud nad athro yw ef.

   He says that he is not a teacher.

2. that … not (introduces a negative noun clause, used before a vowel)

   Mae e’n dweud nad ydy e’n mynd.

   He says that he is not going.

• mai (affirmative, emphasis)
• taw (affirmative, emphasis)
• na (negative, unmarked, used before a consonant)

From Middle English nad; equivalent to nat +‎ had.

• IPA^(key): /nad/

nad

1. had not
   • 1867, GLOSSARY OF THE DIALECT OF FORTH AND BARGY, page 58:

     Nad Ich.

     Had I (not?).

• Jacob Poole (d. 1827) (before 1828) William Barnes, editor, A Glossary, With some Pieces of Verse, of the old Dialect of the English Colony in the Baronies of Forth and Bargy, County of Wexford, Ireland, London: J. Russell Smith, published 1867, page 58