Swahili
Etymology
Borrowed from English peruse.[1][2]
Verb
-peruzi (infinitive kuperuzi)
- to surf the Internet
Conjugation
| Conjugation of -peruzi
|
| Positive present
|
-naperuzi
|
| Subjunctive
|
-peruzi
|
| Negative
|
-peruzi
|
| Imperative singular
|
peruzi
|
|
| Infinitives
|
|
|
| Imperatives
|
| Singular
|
peruzi
|
| Plural
|
peruzini
|
|
| Tensed forms
|
| Habitual
|
huperuzi
|
| Positive past
|
positive subject concord + -liperuzi
|
| Negative past
|
negative subject concord + -kuperuzi
|
|
| Positive present (positive subject concord + -naperuzi)
|
|
|
Singular
|
Plural
|
| 1st person
|
ninaperuzi/naperuzi
|
tunaperuzi
|
| 2nd person
|
unaperuzi
|
mnaperuzi
|
| 3rd person
|
m-wa(I/II)
|
anaperuzi
|
wanaperuzi
|
| other classes
|
positive subject concord + -naperuzi
|
|
| Negative present (negative subject concord + -peruzi)
|
|
|
Singular
|
Plural
|
| 1st person
|
siperuzi
|
hatuperuzi
|
| 2nd person
|
huperuzi
|
hamperuzi
|
| 3rd person
|
m-wa(I/II)
|
haperuzi
|
hawaperuzi
|
| other classes
|
negative subject concord + -peruzi
|
|
| Positive future
|
positive subject concord + -taperuzi
|
| Negative future
|
negative subject concord + -taperuzi
|
|
| Positive subjunctive (positive subject concord + -peruzi)
|
|
|
Singular
|
Plural
|
| 1st person
|
niperuzi
|
tuperuzi
|
| 2nd person
|
uperuzi
|
mperuzi
|
| 3rd person
|
m-wa(I/II)
|
aperuzi
|
waperuzi
|
| other classes
|
positive subject concord + -peruzi
|
|
| Negative subjunctive
|
positive subject concord + -siperuzi
|
| Positive present conditional
|
positive subject concord + -ngeperuzi
|
| Negative present conditional
|
positive subject concord + -singeperuzi
|
| Positive past conditional
|
positive subject concord + -ngaliperuzi
|
| Negative past conditional
|
positive subject concord + -singaliperuzi
|
|
| Gnomic (positive subject concord + -aperuzi)
|
|
|
Singular
|
Plural
|
| 1st person
|
naperuzi
|
twaperuzi
|
| 2nd person
|
waperuzi
|
mwaperuzi
|
| 3rd person
|
m-wa(I/II)
|
aperuzi
|
waperuzi
|
| m-mi(III/IV)
|
waperuzi
|
yaperuzi
|
| ji-ma(V/VI)
|
laperuzi
|
yaperuzi
|
| ki-vi(VII/VIII)
|
chaperuzi
|
vyaperuzi
|
| n(IX/X)
|
yaperuzi
|
zaperuzi
|
| u(XI)
|
waperuzi
|
see n(X) or ma(VI) class
|
| ku(XV/XVII)
|
kwaperuzi
|
|
| pa(XVI)
|
paperuzi
|
|
| mu(XVIII)
|
mwaperuzi
|
|
|
| Perfect
|
positive subject concord + -meperuzi
|
| "Already"
|
positive subject concord + -meshaperuzi
|
| "Not yet"
|
negative subject concord + -japeruzi
|
| "If/When"
|
positive subject concord + -kiperuzi
|
| "If not"
|
positive subject concord + -sipoperuzi
|
| Consecutive
|
kaperuzi / positive subject concord + -kaperuzi
|
| Consecutive subjunctive
|
positive subject concord + -kaperuzi
|
|
| Object concord (indicative positive)
|
|
|
Singular
|
Plural
|
| 1st person
|
-niperuzi
|
-tuperuzi
|
| 2nd person
|
-kuperuzi
|
-waperuzi/-kuperuzini/-waperuzini
|
| 3rd person
|
m-wa(I/II)
|
-mperuzi
|
-waperuzi
|
| m-mi(III/IV)
|
-uperuzi
|
-iperuzi
|
| ji-ma(V/VI)
|
-liperuzi
|
-yaperuzi
|
| ki-vi(VII/VIII)
|
-kiperuzi
|
-viperuzi
|
| n(IX/X)
|
-iperuzi
|
-ziperuzi
|
| u(XI)
|
-uperuzi
|
see n(X) or ma(VI) class
|
| ku(XV/XVII)
|
-kuperuzi
|
|
| pa(XVI)
|
-paperuzi
|
|
| mu(XVIII)
|
-muperuzi
|
|
| Reflexive
|
-jiperuzi
|
|
| Relative forms
|
| General positive (positive subject concord + (object concord) + -peruzi- + relative marker)
|
|
|
Singular
|
Plural
|
| m-wa(I/II)
|
-peruziye
|
-peruzio
|
| m-mi(III/IV)
|
-peruzio
|
-peruziyo
|
| ji-ma(V/VI)
|
-peruzilo
|
-peruziyo
|
| ki-vi(VII/VIII)
|
-peruzicho
|
-peruzivyo
|
| n(IX/X)
|
-peruziyo
|
-peruzizo
|
| u(XI)
|
-peruzio
|
see n(X) or ma(VI) class
|
| ku(XV/XVII)
|
-peruziko
|
|
| pa(XVI)
|
-peruzipo
|
|
| mu(XVIII)
|
-peruzimo
|
|
|
| Other forms (subject concord + tense marker + relative marker + (object concord) + -peruzi)
|
|
|
Singular
|
Plural
|
| m-wa(I/II)
|
-yeperuzi
|
-operuzi
|
| m-mi(III/IV)
|
-operuzi
|
-yoperuzi
|
| ji-ma(V/VI)
|
-loperuzi
|
-yoperuzi
|
| ki-vi(VII/VIII)
|
-choperuzi
|
-vyoperuzi
|
| n(IX/X)
|
-yoperuzi
|
-zoperuzi
|
| u(XI)
|
-operuzi
|
see n(X) or ma(VI) class
|
| ku(XV/XVII)
|
-koperuzi
|
|
| pa(XVI)
|
-poperuzi
|
|
| mu(XVIII)
|
-moperuzi
|
|
|
|
| Some forms not commonly seen in modern Standard Swahili are absent from the table. See Appendix:Swahili verbs for more information.
|
References
- ^ Blommaert, Jan (2014) State Ideology and Language in Tanzania, Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, →ISBN, page 135: “As with the case of public service managerialism discussed in the previous section, a new lexicon of terms referring to mobile phone and Internet use has emerged very quickly, including terms such as intanet itself, kuperuzi (‘to surf the internet’, from the English ‘peruse’)”
- ^ Petzell, Malin (2005) “Expanding the Swahili vocabulary”, in Africa & Asia[1], volume 5, →ISSN, archived from the original on 29 November 2009, page 88 of 85-107: “Semantic loans are where an extension of the meaning is borrowed, as in kuperuzi ‘surf’, which stems from English peruse.”