Swahili
Etymology
From -refu + -isha (causative affix).
Pronunciation
Verb
-refusha (infinitive kurefusha)
- to lengthen, elongate
Conjugation
| Conjugation of -refusha
|
| Positive present
|
-narefusha
|
| Subjunctive
|
-refushe
|
| Negative
|
-refushi
|
| Imperative singular
|
refusha
|
|
| Infinitives
|
|
|
| Imperatives
|
| Singular
|
refusha
|
| Plural
|
refusheni
|
|
| Tensed forms
|
| Habitual
|
hurefusha
|
| Positive past
|
positive subject concord + -lirefusha
|
| Negative past
|
negative subject concord + -kurefusha
|
|
| Positive present (positive subject concord + -narefusha)
|
|
|
Singular
|
Plural
|
| 1st person
|
ninarefusha/narefusha
|
tunarefusha
|
| 2nd person
|
unarefusha
|
mnarefusha
|
| 3rd person
|
m-wa(I/II)
|
anarefusha
|
wanarefusha
|
| other classes
|
positive subject concord + -narefusha
|
|
| Negative present (negative subject concord + -refushi)
|
|
|
Singular
|
Plural
|
| 1st person
|
sirefushi
|
haturefushi
|
| 2nd person
|
hurefushi
|
hamrefushi
|
| 3rd person
|
m-wa(I/II)
|
harefushi
|
hawarefushi
|
| other classes
|
negative subject concord + -refushi
|
|
| Positive future
|
positive subject concord + -tarefusha
|
| Negative future
|
negative subject concord + -tarefusha
|
|
| Positive subjunctive (positive subject concord + -refushe)
|
|
|
Singular
|
Plural
|
| 1st person
|
nirefushe
|
turefushe
|
| 2nd person
|
urefushe
|
mrefushe
|
| 3rd person
|
m-wa(I/II)
|
arefushe
|
warefushe
|
| other classes
|
positive subject concord + -refushe
|
|
| Negative subjunctive
|
positive subject concord + -sirefushe
|
| Positive present conditional
|
positive subject concord + -ngerefusha
|
| Negative present conditional
|
positive subject concord + -singerefusha
|
| Positive past conditional
|
positive subject concord + -ngalirefusha
|
| Negative past conditional
|
positive subject concord + -singalirefusha
|
|
| Gnomic (positive subject concord + -arefusha)
|
|
|
Singular
|
Plural
|
| 1st person
|
narefusha
|
twarefusha
|
| 2nd person
|
warefusha
|
mwarefusha
|
| 3rd person
|
m-wa(I/II)
|
arefusha
|
warefusha
|
| m-mi(III/IV)
|
warefusha
|
yarefusha
|
| ji-ma(V/VI)
|
larefusha
|
yarefusha
|
| ki-vi(VII/VIII)
|
charefusha
|
vyarefusha
|
| n(IX/X)
|
yarefusha
|
zarefusha
|
| u(XI)
|
warefusha
|
see n(X) or ma(VI) class
|
| ku(XV/XVII)
|
kwarefusha
|
|
| pa(XVI)
|
parefusha
|
|
| mu(XVIII)
|
mwarefusha
|
|
|
| Perfect
|
positive subject concord + -merefusha
|
| "Already"
|
positive subject concord + -mesharefusha
|
| "Not yet"
|
negative subject concord + -jarefusha
|
| "If/When"
|
positive subject concord + -kirefusha
|
| "If not"
|
positive subject concord + -siporefusha
|
| Consecutive
|
karefusha / positive subject concord + -karefusha
|
| Consecutive subjunctive
|
positive subject concord + -karefushe
|
|
| Object concord (indicative positive)
|
|
|
Singular
|
Plural
|
| 1st person
|
-nirefusha
|
-turefusha
|
| 2nd person
|
-kurefusha
|
-warefusha/-kurefusheni/-warefusheni
|
| 3rd person
|
m-wa(I/II)
|
-mrefusha
|
-warefusha
|
| m-mi(III/IV)
|
-urefusha
|
-irefusha
|
| ji-ma(V/VI)
|
-lirefusha
|
-yarefusha
|
| ki-vi(VII/VIII)
|
-kirefusha
|
-virefusha
|
| n(IX/X)
|
-irefusha
|
-zirefusha
|
| u(XI)
|
-urefusha
|
see n(X) or ma(VI) class
|
| ku(XV/XVII)
|
-kurefusha
|
|
| pa(XVI)
|
-parefusha
|
|
| mu(XVIII)
|
-murefusha
|
|
| Reflexive
|
-jirefusha
|
|
| Relative forms
|
| General positive (positive subject concord + (object concord) + -refusha- + relative marker)
|
|
|
Singular
|
Plural
|
| m-wa(I/II)
|
-refushaye
|
-refushao
|
| m-mi(III/IV)
|
-refushao
|
-refushayo
|
| ji-ma(V/VI)
|
-refushalo
|
-refushayo
|
| ki-vi(VII/VIII)
|
-refushacho
|
-refushavyo
|
| n(IX/X)
|
-refushayo
|
-refushazo
|
| u(XI)
|
-refushao
|
see n(X) or ma(VI) class
|
| ku(XV/XVII)
|
-refushako
|
|
| pa(XVI)
|
-refushapo
|
|
| mu(XVIII)
|
-refushamo
|
|
|
| Other forms (subject concord + tense marker + relative marker + (object concord) + -refusha)
|
|
|
Singular
|
Plural
|
| m-wa(I/II)
|
-yerefusha
|
-orefusha
|
| m-mi(III/IV)
|
-orefusha
|
-yorefusha
|
| ji-ma(V/VI)
|
-lorefusha
|
-yorefusha
|
| ki-vi(VII/VIII)
|
-chorefusha
|
-vyorefusha
|
| n(IX/X)
|
-yorefusha
|
-zorefusha
|
| u(XI)
|
-orefusha
|
see n(X) or ma(VI) class
|
| ku(XV/XVII)
|
-korefusha
|
|
| pa(XVI)
|
-porefusha
|
|
| mu(XVIII)
|
-morefusha
|
|
|
|
| Some forms not commonly seen in modern Standard Swahili are absent from the table. See Appendix:Swahili verbs for more information.
|
Derived terms