Swahili
Etymology
From Arabic اِسْتَعْرَبَ (istaʕraba, “to adopt Arab customs”).[1]
Pronunciation
Adjective
staarabu (invariable)
- civilized, cultivated
- wise
Derived terms
Verb
-staarabu (infinitive kustaarabu)
- to be civilized, be polite and well-mannered
Conjugation
| Conjugation of -staarabu
|
| Positive present
|
-nastaarabu
|
| Subjunctive
|
-staarabu
|
| Negative
|
-staarabu
|
| Imperative singular
|
staarabu
|
|
| Infinitives
|
|
|
| Imperatives
|
| Singular
|
staarabu
|
| Plural
|
staarabuni
|
|
| Tensed forms
|
| Habitual
|
hustaarabu
|
| Positive past
|
positive subject concord + -listaarabu
|
| Negative past
|
negative subject concord + -kustaarabu
|
|
| Positive present (positive subject concord + -nastaarabu)
|
|
|
Singular
|
Plural
|
| 1st person
|
ninastaarabu/nastaarabu
|
tunastaarabu
|
| 2nd person
|
unastaarabu
|
mnastaarabu
|
| 3rd person
|
m-wa(I/II)
|
anastaarabu
|
wanastaarabu
|
| other classes
|
positive subject concord + -nastaarabu
|
|
| Negative present (negative subject concord + -staarabu)
|
|
|
Singular
|
Plural
|
| 1st person
|
sistaarabu
|
hatustaarabu
|
| 2nd person
|
hustaarabu
|
hamstaarabu
|
| 3rd person
|
m-wa(I/II)
|
hastaarabu
|
hawastaarabu
|
| other classes
|
negative subject concord + -staarabu
|
|
| Positive future
|
positive subject concord + -tastaarabu
|
| Negative future
|
negative subject concord + -tastaarabu
|
|
| Positive subjunctive (positive subject concord + -staarabu)
|
|
|
Singular
|
Plural
|
| 1st person
|
nistaarabu
|
tustaarabu
|
| 2nd person
|
ustaarabu
|
mstaarabu
|
| 3rd person
|
m-wa(I/II)
|
astaarabu
|
wastaarabu
|
| other classes
|
positive subject concord + -staarabu
|
|
| Negative subjunctive
|
positive subject concord + -sistaarabu
|
| Positive present conditional
|
positive subject concord + -ngestaarabu
|
| Negative present conditional
|
positive subject concord + -singestaarabu
|
| Positive past conditional
|
positive subject concord + -ngalistaarabu
|
| Negative past conditional
|
positive subject concord + -singalistaarabu
|
|
| Gnomic (positive subject concord + -astaarabu)
|
|
|
Singular
|
Plural
|
| 1st person
|
nastaarabu
|
twastaarabu
|
| 2nd person
|
wastaarabu
|
mwastaarabu
|
| 3rd person
|
m-wa(I/II)
|
astaarabu
|
wastaarabu
|
| m-mi(III/IV)
|
wastaarabu
|
yastaarabu
|
| ji-ma(V/VI)
|
lastaarabu
|
yastaarabu
|
| ki-vi(VII/VIII)
|
chastaarabu
|
vyastaarabu
|
| n(IX/X)
|
yastaarabu
|
zastaarabu
|
| u(XI)
|
wastaarabu
|
see n(X) or ma(VI) class
|
| ku(XV/XVII)
|
kwastaarabu
|
|
| pa(XVI)
|
pastaarabu
|
|
| mu(XVIII)
|
mwastaarabu
|
|
|
| Perfect
|
positive subject concord + -mestaarabu
|
| "Already"
|
positive subject concord + -meshastaarabu
|
| "Not yet"
|
negative subject concord + -jastaarabu
|
| "If/When"
|
positive subject concord + -kistaarabu
|
| "If not"
|
positive subject concord + -sipostaarabu
|
| Consecutive
|
kastaarabu / positive subject concord + -kastaarabu
|
| Consecutive subjunctive
|
positive subject concord + -kastaarabu
|
|
| Object concord (indicative positive)
|
|
|
Singular
|
Plural
|
| 1st person
|
-nistaarabu
|
-tustaarabu
|
| 2nd person
|
-kustaarabu
|
-wastaarabu/-kustaarabuni/-wastaarabuni
|
| 3rd person
|
m-wa(I/II)
|
-mstaarabu
|
-wastaarabu
|
| m-mi(III/IV)
|
-ustaarabu
|
-istaarabu
|
| ji-ma(V/VI)
|
-listaarabu
|
-yastaarabu
|
| ki-vi(VII/VIII)
|
-kistaarabu
|
-vistaarabu
|
| n(IX/X)
|
-istaarabu
|
-zistaarabu
|
| u(XI)
|
-ustaarabu
|
see n(X) or ma(VI) class
|
| ku(XV/XVII)
|
-kustaarabu
|
|
| pa(XVI)
|
-pastaarabu
|
|
| mu(XVIII)
|
-mustaarabu
|
|
| Reflexive
|
-jistaarabu
|
|
| Relative forms
|
| General positive (positive subject concord + (object concord) + -staarabu- + relative marker)
|
|
|
Singular
|
Plural
|
| m-wa(I/II)
|
-staarabuye
|
-staarabuo
|
| m-mi(III/IV)
|
-staarabuo
|
-staarabuyo
|
| ji-ma(V/VI)
|
-staarabulo
|
-staarabuyo
|
| ki-vi(VII/VIII)
|
-staarabucho
|
-staarabuvyo
|
| n(IX/X)
|
-staarabuyo
|
-staarabuzo
|
| u(XI)
|
-staarabuo
|
see n(X) or ma(VI) class
|
| ku(XV/XVII)
|
-staarabuko
|
|
| pa(XVI)
|
-staarabupo
|
|
| mu(XVIII)
|
-staarabumo
|
|
|
| Other forms (subject concord + tense marker + relative marker + (object concord) + -staarabu)
|
|
|
Singular
|
Plural
|
| m-wa(I/II)
|
-yestaarabu
|
-ostaarabu
|
| m-mi(III/IV)
|
-ostaarabu
|
-yostaarabu
|
| ji-ma(V/VI)
|
-lostaarabu
|
-yostaarabu
|
| ki-vi(VII/VIII)
|
-chostaarabu
|
-vyostaarabu
|
| n(IX/X)
|
-yostaarabu
|
-zostaarabu
|
| u(XI)
|
-ostaarabu
|
see n(X) or ma(VI) class
|
| ku(XV/XVII)
|
-kostaarabu
|
|
| pa(XVI)
|
-postaarabu
|
|
| mu(XVIII)
|
-mostaarabu
|
|
|
|
| Some forms not commonly seen in modern Standard Swahili are absent from the table. See Appendix:Swahili verbs for more information.
|
Derived terms
References
- ^ Baldi, Sergio (30 November 2020) Dictionary of Arabic Loanwords in the Languages of Central and East Africa (Handbuch der Orientalistik; Erste Abteilung: Der Nahe und der Mittlere Osten; 145), Leiden • Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 203 Nr. 1826