坑

See also: 阬
坑 U+5751, 坑
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-5751
← 坐
[U+5750] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 坒 →
[U+5752]

Translingual

Stroke order

Han character

坑 (Kangxi radical 32, 土+4, 7 strokes, cangjie input 土卜竹弓 (GYHN), four-corner 40117, composition ⿰土亢)

Derived characters

  • 𡷲

Further reading

  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 226, character 1
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 4932
  • Dae Jaweon: page 460, character 8
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 426, character 9
  • Unihan data for U+5751

Chinese

simp. and trad.
 坑
alternative forms 阬
坈 ancient

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 坑
Warring States Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)
Qin slip script Small seal script
Characters in the same phonetic series (亢) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
笐 *kaːŋ, *ɡaːŋs
亢 *kaːŋ, *kʰaːŋs
牨 *kaːŋ
苀 *kaːŋ, *ɡaːŋ
魧 *kaːŋ, *ɡaːŋ
迒 *kaːŋ, *ɡaːŋ
邟 *kʰaːŋ, *kʰaːŋs, *ɡaːŋ
忼 *kʰaːŋʔ, *qʰaːŋ
骯 *kʰaːŋʔ, *ɡaːŋʔ, *qaːŋ
抗 *kʰaːŋs, *ɡaːŋ
炕 *kʰaːŋs, *qʰaːŋ
伉 *kʰaːŋs
閌 *kʰaːŋs
犺 *kʰaːŋs
蚢 *kʰaːŋs, *ɡaːŋ, *ɡaːŋʔ
砊 *kʰaːŋs, *kʰraːŋ
阬 *kʰaːŋs, *kʰraːŋ
頏 *kʰaːŋs, *ɡaːŋ
航 *ɡaːŋ
杭 *ɡaːŋ
沆 *ɡaːŋ, *ɡaːŋʔ
肮 *ɡaːŋ
吭 *ɡaːŋ, *ɡaːŋʔ, *ɡaːŋs
秔 *kraːŋ
坑 *kʰraːŋ
劥 *kʰraːŋ

In its current form, a phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *kʰraːŋ): phonetic 亢 (OC *kaːŋ, *kʰaːŋs) + semantic 土 (“soil”). Early forms appear to be 阬.

Etymology 1

Possibly related to 空 (OC *kʰoːŋ, *kʰoːŋs, “empty; space; air”), though the function of the *-r- in the Old Chinese reconstruction is unclear and its presence thus problematic (STEDT).

Pronunciation

Note:
  • kēngr - “pit; hollow”.
Note: hang4 - “ravine”.
Note:
  • ka1/kann1 - vernacular;
  • keng1 - literary.
Note:
  • khiⁿ/kheⁿ - vernacular;
  • kheng - literary.
  • Dialectal data
Variety Location 坑
Mandarin Beijing /kʰəŋ⁵⁵/
Harbin /kʰəŋ⁴⁴/
Tianjin /kʰəŋ²¹/
Jinan /kʰəŋ²¹³/
Qingdao /kʰəŋ²¹³/
Zhengzhou /kʰəŋ²⁴/
Xi'an /kʰəŋ²¹/
Xining /kʰə̃⁴⁴/
Yinchuan /kʰəŋ⁴⁴/
Lanzhou /kʰə̃n³¹/
Ürümqi /kʰɤŋ⁴⁴/
Wuhan /kʰən⁵⁵/
Chengdu /kʰən⁵⁵/
Guiyang /kʰen⁵⁵/
Kunming /kʰə⁴⁴̃/
Nanjing /kʰən³¹/
Hefei /kʰən²¹/
Jin Taiyuan /kʰəŋ¹¹/
Pingyao /kʰəŋ¹³/
Hohhot /kʰə̃ŋ³¹/
Wu Shanghai /kʰɑ̃⁵³/
Suzhou /kʰã⁵⁵/
Hangzhou /kʰen³³/
Wenzhou /kʰiɛ³³/
Hui Shexian /kʰʌ̃³¹/
/kʰɛ³¹/
Tunxi /kʰɛ¹¹/
Xiang Changsha /kʰən³³/
Xiangtan /kʰən³³/
Gan Nanchang /kʰɑŋ⁴²/
Hakka Meixian /haŋ⁴⁴/
Taoyuan /hɑŋ²⁴/
Cantonese Guangzhou /haŋ⁵³/
Nanning /haŋ⁵⁵/
Hong Kong /haŋ⁵⁵/
Min Xiamen (Hokkien) /kʰiŋ⁵⁵/
/kʰĩ⁵⁵/
Fuzhou (Eastern Min) /kʰaŋ⁴⁴/
Jian'ou (Northern Min) /kʰaŋ⁵⁴/
Shantou (Teochew) /kʰẽ³³/
Haikou (Hainanese) /xaŋ³⁵/
/xaŋ³¹/ 俗
Rime
Character 坑
Reading # 1/1
Initial (聲) 溪 (29)
Final (韻) 庚 (109)
Tone (調) Level (Ø)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) II
Fanqie 客庚切
Baxter khaeng
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/kʰˠæŋ/
Pan
Wuyun 		/kʰᵚaŋ/
Shao
Rongfen 		/kʰaŋ/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/kʰaɨjŋ/
Li
Rong 		/kʰɐŋ/
Wang
Li 		/kʰɐŋ/
Bernhard
Karlgren 		/kʰɐŋ/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		kēng
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		hang1
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 坑
Reading # 1/1
No. 7399
Phonetic
component 		亢
Rime
group 		陽
Rime
subdivision 		0
Corresponding
MC rime 		阬
Old
Chinese 		/*kʰraːŋ/
Notes 同阬見莊子

Definitions

坑

  1. pit; hole (Classifier: 個／个 m c)
    泥坑  ―  níkēng  ―  mud pit
    隕石坑／陨石坑  ―  yǔnshí kēng  ―  meteorite crater
  2. tunnel
    礦坑／矿坑  ―  kuàngkēng  ―  mining pit; mine shaft
  3. (dialectal, including Cantonese) ditch; trench (Classifier: 條／条 c)
  4. (dialectal, including Cantonese, Hakka, Hokkien, Taishanese) valley; gully; ravine
  5. (Hakka) small stream; creek; brook (Classifier: 條／条 h)
  6. (figurative) trap
  7. (by extension, neologism, Internet slang) fandom; media franchise
    入坑  ―  rùkēng  ―  to get into a fandom
  8. (literary) to bury alive
    焚書坑儒／焚书坑儒  ―  fénshūkēngrú  ―  to burn books and bury Confucian scholars alive
  9. to entrap; to cheat
Synonyms
  • (pit): (dialectal) 潭 (tán)
  • (to entrap):

Compounds

Etymology 2

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium. Particularly: “from Mandarin 漢?”)

Pronunciation

Definitions

坑

  1. (Cantonese, in compounds) man

Compounds

References

  • “坑”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎[1], 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–
  • 李如龙 [Li, Ru-long], 刘福铸 [Liu, Fu-zhu], 吴华英 [Wu, Hua-ying], 黄国城 [Huang, Guo-cheng] (2019) “坑”, in 莆仙方言调查报告 [Investigation Report on Puxian Dialect] (overall work in Mandarin and Puxian Min), Xiamen University Press, →ISBN, page 266.

Japanese

Kanji

坑

(Jōyō kanji)

Readings

  • Go-on: きょう (kyō)←きやう (kyau, historical)
  • Kan-on: こう (kō, Jōyō)←かう (kau, historical)
  • Kun: あな (ana, 坑)

Etymology

Kanji in this term
坑
こう
Grade: S
on'yomi

Noun

坑(こう) • (kō) 

  1. pit, usually of a mine

Korean

Etymology

From Middle Chinese 坑 (MC khaeng).

Historical readings

Pronunciation

Hanja

Wikisource

坑 (eumhun 구덩이 갱 (gudeong'i gaeng))

  1. hanja form? of 갱 (“pit”)

Compounds

References

  • 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典. [2]

Vietnamese

Han character

坑: Hán Việt readings: khanh, khâng, khuâng
坑: Nôm readings: khanh, ganh

  1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.
This article is issued from Wiktionary. The text is available under Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.