慷慨

Chinese

	generous; magnanimous	generous; sad
trad. (慷慨)	慷	慨
simp. ^#(慷慨)	慷	慨
alternative forms	忼慨
anagram	慨慷

Etymology

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): kāngkǎi

(Zhuyin): ㄎㄤㄎㄞˇ
Cantonese (Jyutping): hong² koi³ / kong² koi³ / hong¹ koi³
Hakka (Sixian, PFS): khóng-khói / không-khói
Eastern Min (BUC): kōng-kái
Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): khóng-khài
Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): ¹khaon-khe

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: kāngkǎi
  - Zhuyin: ㄎㄤㄎㄞˇ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: kangkǎi
  - Wade–Giles: kʻang¹-kʻai³
  - Yale: kāng-kǎi
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: kangkae
  - Palladius: канкай (kankaj)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʰɑŋ⁵⁵ kʰaɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
  - Jyutping: hong² koi³ / kong² koi³ / hong¹ koi³
  - Yale: hóng koi / kóng koi / hōng koi
  - Cantonese Pinyin: hong² koi³ / kong² koi³ / hong¹ koi³
  - Guangdong Romanization: hong² koi³ / kong² koi³ / hong¹ koi³
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /hɔːŋ³⁵ kʰɔːi̯³³/, /kʰɔːŋ³⁵ kʰɔːi̯³³/, /hɔːŋ⁵⁵ kʰɔːi̯³³/
Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: khóng-khói / không-khói
  - Hakka Romanization System: kong^ˋ koi^ˋ / kong^ˊ koi^ˋ
  - Hagfa Pinyim: kong³ koi³ / kong¹ koi³
  - Sinological IPA: /kʰoŋ³¹ kʰoi̯³¹/, /kʰoŋ²⁴ kʰoi̯³¹/
Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
  - Bàng-uâ-cê: kōng-kái
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʰouŋ³³⁻⁵⁵ ^(kʰ-)ŋɑi²¹³/
Southern Min
- (Hokkien)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: khóng-khài
  - Tâi-lô: khóng-khài
  - Phofsit Daibuun: qofngqaix
  - IPA (Xiamen): /kʰɔŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kʰai²¹/
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /kʰɔŋ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ kʰai⁴¹/
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /kʰɔŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kʰai²¹/
  - IPA (Taipei): /kʰɔŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kʰai¹¹/
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /kʰɔŋ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ kʰai²¹/
Wu
- (Northern: Shanghai)
  - Wugniu: ¹khaon-khe
  - MiniDict: khaon^平 khe
  - Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): ¹khaan-khe
  - Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /kʰɑ̃⁵⁵ kʰe²¹/

Middle Chinese: khangX khojH

Rime
Character	慷	慨
Reading #	1/1	1/1
Initial (聲)	溪 (29)	溪 (29)
Final (韻)	唐 (101)	咍 (41)
Tone (調)	Rising (X)	Departing (H)
Openness (開合)	Open	Open
Division (等)	I	I
Fanqie	苦朗切	苦蓋切
Baxter	khangX	khojH
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/kʰɑŋ^X/	/kʰʌi^H/
Pan Wuyun	/kʰɑŋ^X/	/kʰəi^H/
Shao Rongfen	/kʰɑŋ^X/	/kʰɒi^H/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/kʰaŋ^X/	/kʰəj^H/
Li Rong	/kʰɑŋ^X/	/kʰᴀi^H/
Wang Li	/kʰɑŋ^X/	/kʰɒi^H/
Bernhard Karlgren	/kʰɑŋ^X/	/kʰɑ̆i^H/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	kǎng	kài
Expected Cantonese Reflex	hong²	hoi³

Old Chinese
(Zhengzhang): /*kʰlaːŋʔ kʰɯːds/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	慨
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	kài
Middle Chinese	‹ khoj^H ›
Old Chinese	/*[kʰ]ˁə[t]-s/
English	disappointed
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	慷	慨
Reading #	1/1	1/1
No.	3987	5814
Phonetic component	庚	旡
Rime group	陽	隊
Rime subdivision	0	1
Corresponding MC rime	慷	磕
Old Chinese	/*kʰlaːŋʔ/	/*kʰɯːds/

Adjective

慷慨

impassioned; vehement; fervent
自古燕趙多慷慨悲歌之士。 [MSC, trad.]
自古燕赵多慷慨悲歌之士。 [MSC, simp.]
Zìgǔ Yànzhào duō kāngkǎi bēigē zhī shì. [Pinyin]
(please add an English translation of this usage example)
forthright; expansive; frank and straightforward
generous; beneficent

Synonyms

(impassioned):

edit

激切 (jīqiè) (literary)
激昂 (jī'áng)
激烈 (jīliè)

(forthright):

edit

奔放 (bēnfàng)
曠達 / 旷达 (kuàngdá) (formal)
粗獷 / 粗犷
豪宕 (háodàng) (literary)
豪放 (háofàng)
豪爽 (háoshuǎng)
豪邁 / 豪迈 (háomài)

(generous): 大方 (dàfāng); (Hokkien) 大派, 冇手, 看手, 闊手／阔手, 血漢／血汉; (Wu) 四海

Derived terms

悲歌慷慨
慷他人之慨 (kāng tārén zhī kǎi)
慷慨仗義 / 慷慨仗义
慷慨就義 / 慷慨就义 (kāngkǎijiùyì)
慷慨悲歌
慷慨捐生
慷慨擔承 / 慷慨担承
慷慨淋漓
慷慨激揚 / 慷慨激扬
慷慨激昂 (kāngkǎijī'áng)
慷慨激烈
慷慨解囊 (kāngkǎijiěnáng)
慷慨赴義 / 慷慨赴义
慷慨輸將 / 慷慨输将
慷慨陳詞 / 慷慨陈词
激昂慷慨

Verb

慷慨

(Classical) to sigh (with regret); to lament; to exclaim

Synonyms

edit

嗟嘆 / 嗟叹 (jiētàn) (literary)
嘆惜 / 叹惜 (tànxī)
慨嘆 / 慨叹 (kǎitàn)
感嘆 / 感叹 (gǎntàn)
興嘆 / 兴叹 (xīngtàn)
道嘆 / 道叹 (Hakka)

Descendants

Sino-Xenic (慷慨):

→ Japanese: 慷慨(こうがい) (kōgai)
→ Korean: 강개(慷慨) (ganggae)
→ Vietnamese: khảng khái (慷慨)

Vietnamese

chữ Hán Nôm in this term
慷	慨

Adjective

慷慨

chữ Hán form of khảng khái, khẳng khái (“chivalrous”)