梨
| ||||||||
| ||||||||
Translingual
Han character
梨 (Kangxi radical 75, 木+7, 11 strokes, cangjie input 竹弓木 (HND) or 難竹弓木 (XHND), four-corner 22904, composition ⿱利木)
References
- Kangxi Dictionary: page 530, character 12
- Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 14873
- Dae Jaweon: page 918, character 10
- Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 2, page 1215, character 10
- Unihan data for U+68A8
Chinese
| trad. | 梨 | |
|---|---|---|
| simp. # | 梨 | |
| alternative forms | 棃 梸 | |
Glyph origin
| Historical forms of the character 梨 | |
|---|---|
| Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) | Liushutong (compiled in Ming) |
| Small seal script | Transcribed ancient scripts |
Characters in the same phonetic series (利) (Zhengzhang, 2003)
Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *ril): phonetic 利 (OC *rids) + semantic 木.
Etymology
Unknown. Also found in Proto-Hmong-Mien *rəj; folk etymology derives this from 利 (OC *rids, “sharp”) (Schuessler, 2007).
Pronunciation
- Mandarin
- Cantonese
- Gan (Wiktionary): li4
- Hakka
- Jin (Wiktionary): li1
- Northern Min (KCR): lî
- Eastern Min (BUC): lì / lài
- Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): lai2 / li2
- Southern Min
- Southern Pinghua (Nanning, Jyutping++): li4
- Wu (Wugniu)
- Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): li2
- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Hanyu Pinyin: lí
- Zhuyin: ㄌㄧˊ
- Tongyong Pinyin: lí
- Wade–Giles: li2
- Yale: lí
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: li
- Palladius: ли (li)
- Sinological IPA (key): /li³⁵/
- (Chengdu)
- Sichuanese Pinyin: ni2
- Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: li
- Sinological IPA (key): /ni²¹/
- (Xi'an)
- Guanzhong Pinyin: lí
- Sinological IPA (key): /li²⁴/
- (Dungan)
- (Note: Dungan pronunciation is currently experimental and may be inaccurate.)
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Jyutping: lei4 / lei4-2
- Yale: lèih / léi
- Cantonese Pinyin: lei4 / lei4-2
- Guangdong Romanization: léi4 / léi4-2
- Sinological IPA (key): /lei̯²¹/, /lei̯²¹⁻³⁵/
- (Dongguan, Guancheng)
- Jyutping++: ngai4
- Sinological IPA (key): /ŋɐi²¹/
- (Taishanese, Taicheng)
- Wiktionary: lei3
- Sinological IPA (key): /lei²²/
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Gan
- Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
- Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: lì
- Hakka Romanization System: liˇ
- Hagfa Pinyim: li2
- Sinological IPA: /li¹¹/
- (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
- Hakka Romanization System: li
- Sinological IPA: /li⁵⁵/
- (Meixian)
- Guangdong: li2
- Sinological IPA: /li¹¹/
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
- Jin
- Northern Min
- (Jian'ou)
- Kienning Colloquial Romanized: lî
- Sinological IPA (key): /li³³/
- (Jian'ou)
- Eastern Min
Note:
- lì - “pear”;
- lài - used in 黃梨.
- Puxian Min
- (Putian)
- Pouseng Ping'ing: lai2
- Báⁿ-uā-ci̍: lái
- Sinological IPA (key): /lai¹³/
- (Xianyou)
- Pouseng Ping'ing: lai2
- Sinological IPA (key): /lai²⁴/
- (Putian)
- Pouseng Ping'ing: li2
- Báⁿ-uā-ci̍: lí
- Sinological IPA (key): /li¹³/
- (Xianyou)
- Pouseng Ping'ing: li2
- Sinological IPA (key): /li²⁴/
- (Putian)
Note:
- lai2 - vernacular;
- li2 - literary.
- Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese, Singapore)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: lâi
- Tâi-lô: lâi
- Phofsit Daibuun: laai
- IPA (Kaohsiung): /lai²³/
- IPA (Zhangzhou): /lai¹³/
- IPA (Xiamen, Quanzhou, Taipei, Singapore): /lai²⁴/
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: lê
- Tâi-lô: lê
- Phofsit Daibuun: lee
- IPA (Xiamen, Quanzhou, Taipei): /le²⁴/
- IPA (Zhangzhou): /le¹³/
- IPA (Kaohsiung): /le²³/
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese, Singapore)
Note:
- lâi - vernacular;
- lê - literary.
- (Teochew)
- Peng'im: lai5
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: lâi
- Sinological IPA (key): /lai⁵⁵/
- (Leizhou)
- Leizhou Pinyin: lai5 / li5
- Sinological IPA: /lai²²/, /li²²/
Note:
- lai5 - vernacular;
- li5 - literary.
- Southern Pinghua
- (Nanning Pinghua, Tingzi)
- Jyutping++: li4
- Sinological IPA (key): /li²¹/
- (Nanning Pinghua, Tingzi)
- Wu
- (Northern: Shanghai)
- Wugniu: 6li
- MiniDict: li去
- Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): 3li
- Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /li²³/
- (Northern: Jiading, Songjiang, Chongming, Suzhou, Kunshan, Changzhou, Jiaxing, Hangzhou, Shaoxing, Ningbo, Zhoushan)
- Wugniu: 2li
- MiniDict: li平
- Sinological IPA (Jiading): /li³¹/
- Sinological IPA (Songjiang): /li³¹/
- Sinological IPA (Chongming): /ɦli²⁴/
- Sinological IPA (Suzhou): /li²²³/
- Sinological IPA (Kunshan): /li¹³/
- Sinological IPA (Changzhou): /li¹³/
- Sinological IPA (Jiaxing): /li³¹/
- Sinological IPA (Hangzhou): /li²³/
- Sinological IPA (Shaoxing): /li²³¹/
- Sinological IPA (Ningbo): /li³¹³/
- Sinological IPA (Zhoushan): /li²²/
- (Jinhua)
- Wugniu: 2li
- Sinological IPA (Jinhua): /li³¹³/
- (Northern: Shanghai)
- Xiang
- Middle Chinese: lij
- Old Chinese
- (Baxter–Sagart): /*C.r[ə][j]/
- (Zhengzhang): /*ril/
Definitions
梨
- pear (Classifier: 個／个 m c; 隻／只 c)
- (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) alternative form of 剺 (lí, “to cut”)
Synonyms
Dialectal synonyms of 梨 (“pear”) [map]
Compounds
- 不查梨
- 不賣查梨 / 不卖查梨
- 乳梨
- 交梨火棗 / 交梨火枣
- 伽梨
- 僧伽梨
- 僧迦梨
- 冰梨
- 凍梨 / 冻梨
- 剖梨
- 合梨
- 含消梨
- 哀家梨
- 哀梨
- 因提梨
- 地梨
- 士多啤梨 (shìduōpílí)
- 孔融讓梨 / 孔融让梨
- 山梨 (shānlí)
- 御梨
- 推梨讓棗 / 推梨让枣
- 杜梨 (dùlí)
- 杏雨梨雲 / 杏雨梨云
- 查梨
- 查梨相
- 桑梨
- 梨乾 / 梨干
- 梨乾兒 / 梨干儿
- 梨元
- 梨圈
- 梨園 / 梨园 (líyuán)
- 梨園子弟 / 梨园子弟 (Líyuán zǐdì)
- 梨園弟子 / 梨园弟子
- 梨園戲 / 梨园戏 (líyuánxì)
- 梨園榜 / 梨园榜
- 梨園行 / 梨园行
- 梨子 (lízi)
- 梨山 (Líshān)
- 梨庶
- 梨木
- 梨板
- 梨果 (líguǒ)
- 梨栗
- 梨栗兒 / 梨栗儿
- 梨條 / 梨条
- 梨棗 / 梨枣
- 梨樹 / 梨树 (líshù)
- 梨氓
- 梨渦 / 梨涡 (líwō)
- 梨狗
- 梨眉艾髮 / 梨眉艾发
- 梨窩 / 梨窝
- 梨筒
- 梨糕
- 梨肉
- 梨膏
- 梨膏糖 (lígāotáng)
- 梨花 (líhuā)
- 梨花凍 / 梨花冻
- 梨花夢 / 梨花梦
- 梨花大鼓
- 梨花帶雨 / 梨花带雨 (líhuādàiyǔ)
- 梨花春
- 梨花月
- 梨花板
- 梨花槍 / 梨花枪
- 梨花片
- 梨花盞 / 梨花盏
- 梨花簡 / 梨花简
- 梨花粉
- 梨花蜜
- 梨花釀 / 梨花酿
- 梨花雨
- 梨花雲 / 梨花云
- 梨花香
- 梨花鼓
- 梨英
- 梨萌
- 梨蓋 / 梨盖
- 梨蕊
- 梨雪
- 梨雲 / 梨云
- 梨雲夢 / 梨云梦
- 梨霜
- 梨面
- 梨頭 / 梨头
- 梨頰 / 梨颊
- 梨頰微渦 / 梨颊微涡
- 梨顆 / 梨颗
- 梨飣坐 / 梨饤坐
- 棗梨 / 枣梨
- 棠梨
- 棠梨宫
- 棠梨宮 / 棠梨宫
- 棠梨館 / 棠梨馆
- 楓梨 / 枫梨 (fēnglí)
- 楞梨
- 樊梨花
- 水梨 (shuǐlí)
- 沙梨 (shālí)
- 消梨
- 消梨花
- 海棠梨
- 災梨 / 灾梨
- 災梨禍棗 / 灾梨祸枣
- 蒸梨
- 狐梨
- 獼猴梨 / 猕猴梨
- 玉嬌梨 / 玉娇梨
- 疾梨
- 白梨
- 破麥破梨 / 破麦破梨
- 禍棗災梨 / 祸枣灾梨
- 紅梨記 / 红梨记
- 胡梨
- 臘梨 / 腊梨
- 花梨
- 蛤梨
- 訶梨 / 诃梨
- 訶梨勒 / 诃梨勒
- 訶梨子 / 诃梨子
- 訶梨怛雞 / 诃梨怛鸡
- 語兒梨 / 语儿梨
- 讓梨 / 让梨 (rànglí)
- 讓棗推梨 / 让枣推梨
- 賣查梨 / 卖查梨
- 賣楂梨 / 卖楂梨
- 迦梨迦
- 迦梨郊
- 鄭州梨 / 郑州梨
- 酪梨 (làolí)
- 釘坐梨 / 钉坐梨
- 釘座梨 / 钉座梨
- 鐵腳梨 / 铁脚梨
- 闍梨 / 阇梨
- 阿梨
- 阿梨姨
- 阿闍梨 / 阿阇梨 (āshélí)
- 雨打梨花
- 雪梨 (xuělí)
- 霜梨
- 頗梨 / 颇梨
- 食蛤梨
- 飣坐梨 / 饤坐梨
- 飣座梨 / 饤座梨
- 香梨 (xiānglí)
- 香水梨
- 高接梨 (gāojiēlí)
- 鳥梨 / 鸟梨
- 鳳栖梨
- 鳳梨 / 凤梨 (fènglí)
- 鳳棲梨 / 凤栖梨
- 鴨兒廣梨 / 鸭儿广梨
- 鴨兒梨 / 鸭儿梨
- 鴨梨 / 鸭梨 (yālí)
- 鵝梨 / 鹅梨
- 鵝梨角兒 / 鹅梨角儿
- 鹿梨
- 麵梨 / 面梨
- 黃梨 / 黄梨 (huánglí)
- 鼠梨
- 齧梨 / 啮梨
Descendants
- → Malay: lai (“pear”)
- → Proto-Hmong-Mien: *rəj (“pear”)
Japanese
Kanji
梨
Readings
Etymology 1
| Kanji in this term |
|---|
| 梨 |
| なし Grade: 4 |
| kun'yomi |
From Old Japanese, attested already in the Man'yōshū.[1] Further derivation unclear.
Pronunciation
Noun
梨 or 梨 • (nashi)
- a pear tree
- a pear (the fruit)
- more specifically, a Japanese pear or Asian pear (Pyrus pyrifolia)
Usage notes
- As with many terms that name organisms, this term is often spelled in katakana, especially in biological contexts (where katakana is customary), as ナシ (nashi).
Derived terms
- 梨河豚 (nashifugu): pear puffer (Gastrophysus vermicularis, syn. Takifugu vermicularis)
- 梨子地 (nashiji), 梨地 (nashiji): nashiji, a lacquering technique using gold or silver powder or flakes
- 青梨 (ao nashi): Harbin pear, Ussurian pear, Chinese pear (Pyrus ussuriensis var. hondoensis)
- 玄圃梨 (kenpo nashi): Japanese raisin tree (Hovenia dulcis)
- 猿梨 (saru nashi): hardy kiwi, kiwi berry or tara vine (Actinidia arguta)
- 西洋梨 (seiyō nashi): European or Western pear (Pyrus communis)
- 浜梨 (hama nashi): rugosa rose, Japanese rose, or Ramanas rose (Rosa rugosa)
- 山梨 (yama nashi): wild nashi or wild Japanese pear (Pyrus pyrifolia var. pyrifolia)
- 山梨県 (Yamanashi-ken): Yamanashi prefecture
- 洋梨 (yōnashi): European or Western pear (Pyrus communis)
- 鰐梨 (wani nashi): avocado or alligator pear (Persea americana)
Etymology 2
| Kanji in this term |
|---|
| 梨 |
| り Grade: 4 |
| on'yomi |
From Middle Chinese 梨 (MC lij). Compare modern Mandarin 梨 (lí).
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): [ɾʲi]
Affix
梨 • (ri)
- a pear tree
- a pear (the fruit)
- more specifically, a Japanese pear or Asian pear (Pyrus pyrifolia)
Derived terms
References
- ^ Frellesvig, Bjarke, Stephen Wright Horn, et al. (eds.) (2023) “Old Japanese nasi”, in Oxford-NINJAL Corpus of Old Japanese[1], retrieved 2 November 2024
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
Korean
Hanja
梨 (eumhun 배나무 리 (baenamu ri), word-initial (South Korea) 배나무 이 (baenamu i))