民族

Chinese

the people; nationality; citizen
race; nationality; ethnicity
race; nationality; ethnicity; clan
 
trad. (民族) 民 族
simp. #(民族) 民 族

Etymology

First attested in a 5th-century essay by Gu Huan (顧歡), which is reproduced in the 6th-century Book of Southern Qi (translation from Mather, 2005[1]):

今諸華士女，民族弗革，而露首偏踞，濫用夷禮，云於翦落之徒，全是胡人，國有舊風，法不可變。 [Literary Chinese, trad.]
今诸华士女，民族弗革，而露首偏踞，滥用夷礼，云于翦落之徒，全是胡人，国有旧风，法不可变。 [Literary Chinese, simp.]
From: The Book of Southern Qi, by Xiao Zixian, 6th century CE
Jīn zhūhuá shìnǚ, mínzú fú gé, ér lù shǒu piān jù, lànyòng Yí lǐ, yún yú jiǎnluò zhī tú, quán shì Húrén, guó yǒu jiù fēng, fǎ bùkě biàn. [Pinyin]
Today all the Chinese gentlemen and ladies, as well as the common people, have not changed [their natures], but they insist on squatting with exposed heads, wantonly using the manners of the Yi Barbarians. They talk to the shorn-headed crowd, all of them Hu Barbarians. The state has its own long-standing mores; its laws are not to be altered.

According to Ru (2001), 民族's early meaning was closer to 民眾 (“the general populace”).[2]

Pronunciation

Rime
Character 民 族
Reading # 1/1 1/1
Initial (聲) 明 (4) 從 (15)
Final (韻) 眞 (43) 屋 (3)
Tone (調) Level (Ø) Checked (Ø)
Openness (開合) Open Open
Division (等) III I
Fanqie 彌鄰切 昨木切
Baxter mjin dzuwk
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/miɪn/ /d͡zuk̚/
Pan
Wuyun 		/min/ /d͡zuk̚/
Shao
Rongfen 		/mjen/ /d͡zuk̚/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/min/ /d͡zəwk̚/
Li
Rong 		/miĕn/ /d͡zuk̚/
Wang
Li 		/mĭĕn/ /d͡zuk̚/
Bernhard
Karlgren 		/mi̯ĕn/ /d͡zʱuk̚/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		mín zú
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		man4 zuk6

Noun

民族

  1. people; nation; nationality; ethnic group; minority; ethnos (Classifier: 個／个)
    民族宗教  ―  mínzú zōngjiào  ―  ethnoreligious
    民族政治  ―  mínzú zhèngzhì  ―  ethnopolitical
    民族大融合  ―  mínzú dà rónghé  ―  major ethnic assimilation
    民族區域自治區／民族区域自治区  ―  mínzú qūyù zìzhìqū  ―  ethnic autonomous regions
  2. short for 少數民族／少数民族 (shǎoshù mínzú, “ethnic minority”)

Synonyms

Derived terms

Descendants

Sino-Xenic (民族):
  • → Japanese: 民族(みんぞく) (minzoku)
  • → Korean: 민족(民族) (minjok)
  • → Vietnamese: dân tộc (民族)

Others:

Proper noun

民族

  1. (～街道) Minzu (a subdistrict of Jianghan district, Wuhan, Hubei, China)

References

  1. ^ Richard Mather (2005) “Buddhism and Indigenous Chinese Culture”, in Victor H. Mair, Nancy S. Steinhardt, & Paul R. Goldin, editors, Hawai‘i Reader in Traditional Chinese Culture, page 274
  2. ^ 茹莹 [Ru Ying] (2001) “汉语"民族"一词在我国的最早出现 [The earliest appearance of the Chinese word 民族 in our country.]”, in 世界民族 [Journal of World Peoples Studies] (in Chinese), number 6, page 1

Further reading

Japanese

Kanji in this term
民 族
みん
Grade: 4 		ぞく
Grade: 3
on'yomi

Pronunciation

  • (Tokyo) みんぞく [míꜜǹzòkù] (Atamadaka – [1])[1]
  • IPA(key): [mʲĩnd͡zo̞kɯ̟]

Noun

民(みん)族(ぞく) • (minzoku) 

  1. people, race, ethnic group - people that have a common culture, common customs, etc.

References

  1. ^ Hirayama, Teruo, editor (1960), 全国アクセント辞典 (Zenkoku Akusento Jiten, “Nationwide Accent Dictionary”) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Tōkyōdō, →ISBN
  • 2002, Ineko Kondō; Fumi Takano; Mary E Althaus; et. al., Shogakukan Progressive Japanese-English Dictionary, Third Edition, Tokyo: Shōgakukan, →ISBN.

Korean

Hanja in this term
民族

Noun

民族 • (minjok) (hangeul 민족)

  1. hanja form? of 민족 (“an ethnicity”)

Vietnamese

chữ Hán Nôm in this term
民族

Noun

民族

  1. chữ Hán form of dân tộc (“ethnic group, nationality, race”)
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