葡萄牙

Chinese

		grape; to be jealous; to envy	tooth; ivory
trad. (葡萄牙)		葡萄	牙
simp. ^#(葡萄牙)		葡萄	牙

Etymology

Phono-semantic matching of Portuguese Portugal, possibly via Hokkien 葡萄牙 (Phû-tô-gâ). Attested in 海國聞見錄 [1730] by Chen Lunjiong (陳倫烱).

The selection of 葡萄 (“grape”) in the phonetic transcription alludes to the importance of viniculture to the early Portuguese missionaries to China, who used grapes to make sacramental wine (葡萄酒).

Compare 西班牙 (Xībānyá, “Spain”).

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): Pútáoyá

(Zhuyin): ㄆㄨˊ ㄊㄠˊ ㄧㄚˊ
Cantonese
(Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): pou⁴ tou⁴ ngaa⁴

(Taishan, Wiktionary): pu³ hau³ nga³
Hakka
(Sixian, PFS): Phù-thò-ngà

(Meixian, Guangdong): pu² tau² nga²
Eastern Min (BUC): Buò-dò̤-ngà
Southern Min
(Hokkien, POJ): Phû-tô-gâ / Phô-tô-gâ / Phû-tô-gê / Phô-tô-gêe

(Teochew, Peng'im): pu⁵ to⁵ ghê⁵
Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): ⁶bu-dau-nga

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: Pútáoyá
  - Zhuyin: ㄆㄨˊ ㄊㄠˊ ㄧㄚˊ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: Pútáoyá
  - Wade–Giles: Pʻu²-tʻao²-ya²
  - Yale: Pú-táu-yá
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: Pwutaurya
  - Palladius: Путаоя (Putaoja)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /pʰu³⁵ tʰɑʊ̯³⁵ jä³⁵/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
  - Jyutping: pou⁴ tou⁴ ngaa⁴
  - Yale: pòuh tòuh ngàh
  - Cantonese Pinyin: pou⁴ tou⁴ ngaa⁴
  - Guangdong Romanization: pou⁴ tou⁴ nga⁴
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /pʰou̯²¹ tʰou̯²¹ ŋaː²¹/
- (Taishanese, Taicheng)
  - Wiktionary: pu³ hau³ nga³
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /pʰu²² hau²² ᵑɡa²²/
Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: Phù-thò-ngà
  - Hakka Romanization System: pu^ˇ to^ˇ nga^ˇ
  - Hagfa Pinyim: pu² to² nga²
  - Sinological IPA: /pʰu¹¹ tʰo¹¹ ŋa¹¹/
- (Meixian)
  - Guangdong: pu² tau² nga²
  - Sinological IPA: /pʰu¹¹ tʰau¹¹ ŋa¹¹/
Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
  - Bàng-uâ-cê: Buò-dò̤-ngà
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /puo⁵³⁻³³ ^(t-)lo⁵³⁻³³ ŋa⁵³/
Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, General Taiwanese)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Phû-tô-gâ
  - Tâi-lô: Phû-tô-gâ
  - Phofsit Daibuun: phu'doi'gaa
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /pʰu²³⁻³³ tɤ²³⁻³³ ɡa²³/
  - IPA (Taipei): /pʰu²⁴⁻¹¹ to²⁴⁻¹¹ ɡa²⁴/
  - IPA (Xiamen, Quanzhou): /pʰu²⁴⁻²² to²⁴⁻²² ɡa²⁴/
- (Hokkien: Tainan)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Phô-tô-gâ
  - Tâi-lô: Phô-tô-gâ
  - Phofsit Daibuun: phoi'doi'gaa
  - IPA (Tainan): /pʰɤ²⁴⁻³³ tɤ²⁴⁻³³ ɡa²⁴/
- (Hokkien: variant in Taiwan)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Phû-tô-gê
  - Tâi-lô: Phû-tô-gê
  - Phofsit Daibuun: phu'doi'gee
  - IPA (Taipei): /pʰu²⁴⁻¹¹ to²⁴⁻¹¹ ɡe²⁴/
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /pʰu²³⁻³³ tɤ²³⁻³³ ɡe²³/
- (Hokkien: Zhangzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Phô-tô-gêe
  - Tâi-lô: Phô-tô-gêe
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /pʰo¹³⁻²² to¹³⁻²² ɡɛ¹³/
- (Teochew)
  - Peng'im: pu⁵ to⁵ ghê⁵
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: phû thô gê
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /pʰu⁵⁵⁻¹¹ tʰo⁵⁵⁻¹¹ ɡe⁵⁵/
Wu
- (Northern: Shanghai)
  - Wugniu: ⁶bu-dau-nga
  - MiniDict: bu^去 dau nga
  - Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): ³bu-dau-nga
  - Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /bu²² dɔ⁵⁵ ŋa²¹/

Proper noun

葡萄牙

Portugal (a country in Europe)
- 1730, 陳倫烱, 海國聞見錄, volume 上卷, page 33:
  
  葡萄牙者，澳門之祖家也。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
  葡萄牙者，澳门之祖家也。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]
  Pútáoyá zhě, Àomén zhī zǔjiā yě. [Pinyin]
  (please add an English translation of this quotation)
- 1848, 徐繼畬 [Xu Jiyu], editor, 瀛寰志略, volume 3, page 11:
  
  前明中葉，葡萄牙據錫蘭海口，立埔頭，尋為荷蘭所奪。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
  前明中叶，葡萄牙据锡兰海口，立埔头，寻为荷兰所夺。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]
  Qiánmíng zhōngyè, Pútáoyá jù Xīlán hǎikǒu, lì bùtóu, xún wéi Hélán suǒ duó. [Pinyin]
  (please add an English translation of this quotation)

Synonyms

edit

博都雅 (Bódūyǎ) (historical)
大西洋國 / 大西洋国 (Dàxīyáng Guó) (historical)
波爾杜瓦爾 / 波尔杜瓦尔 (historical)
葡 (pú) (abbreviation)
葡國 / 葡国 (Púguó) (short form)
葡萄亞 / 葡萄亚 (historical)
蒲都麗家 / 蒲都丽家 (historical)
蒲麗都家 / 蒲丽都家 (historical)
西洋國 / 西洋国 (historical)

Dialectal synonyms of 葡萄牙 (“Portugal”) [map]

Variety	Location	Words edit
Formal (Written Standard Chinese)		葡萄牙
Northeastern Mandarin	Taiwan	葡萄牙
Cantonese	Hong Kong	葡萄牙, 葡國
	Macau	葡萄牙, 葡國
	Taishan	葡萄牙
Southern Min	Xiamen	葡萄牙
	Quanzhou	葡萄牙
	Zhangzhou	葡萄牙
	Tainan	葡萄牙