Egyptian
Etymology 1
Adverb
- here
- (less common) there
Alternative hieroglyphic writings of ꜥꜣ
See also
1 Unmarked for number and gender, but treated syntactically as masculine plurals when used with participles and relative forms, and as feminine singulars when referred to by resumptive pronouns.
Middle Egyptian demonstratives
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determiners and pronouns
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adverbs
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singular
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plural1
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masculine
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feminine
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| proximal
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pn
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tn
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nn
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ꜥn
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| distal
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pf, pfꜣ
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tf, tfꜣ
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nf, nfꜣ
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ꜥf
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| ‘copula’ and vocative
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pw, pwy
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tw, twy
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nw
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—
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| anaphoric
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pꜣ
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tꜣ
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nꜣ
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ꜥꜣ
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1 Joined by n(j) to nouns they modify.
Late Egyptian demonstratives and articles
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masculine
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feminine
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plural
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adverb
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| pronoun
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pꜣw
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dj
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| determiners and pronouns
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pꜣj
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tꜣj
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nꜣj
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| possessive determiners1
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pꜣy
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tꜣy
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nꜣy
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| relational pronouns (‘possessive prefixes’)
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p-n, pꜣ
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t-nt, tꜣ
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nꜣyw, nꜣ
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| definite articles
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pꜣ
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tꜣ
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nꜣ2
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| indefinite articles
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wꜥ2
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nhꜣy2
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1 Used with suffix pronouns.
2 Originally joined by n(j) to nouns they modify; later without it.
Etymology 2
Pronunciation
- (adjective): (reconstructed) IPA(key): /ʕaʀ/ → /ʕaʀ/ → /ʕaʔ/ → /ʕaʔ/
Adjective
- perfective active participle of ꜥꜣj: big, great, important
- Synonym: wr
Inflection
Declension of ꜥꜣ (perfective active participle)
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masculine
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feminine
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| singular
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ꜥꜣ
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ꜥꜣt
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| dual
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ꜥꜣwj
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ꜥꜣtj
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| plural
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ꜥꜣw
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ꜥꜣwt1, ꜥꜣt2
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1 Archaic in Middle Egyptian when modifying a noun.
2 From Middle Egyptian, this feminine singular form was generally used for the plural.
In Late Egyptian, the masculine singular form was used with all nouns.
Along with bjn and nfr, ꜥꜣ is one of the few Egyptian adjectives that continued to show remnants of gender and number inflection into Late Egyptian (and beyond).[2]
See under the main verb.
Derived terms
See under the main verb.
Descendants
- Bohairic Coptic: ⲟ (o), ⲱ (ō)
- Fayyumic Coptic: ⲁ (a)
- Old Coptic: ⲟ (o), ⲱ (ō), ⲁ- (a-)
- Sahidic Coptic: ⲟ (o), ⲱ (ō), ⲟⲩ (ou)
Noun
m
- greatness; prestige and power or importance [since Middle Kingdom literature]
c. 2000 BCE – 1900 BCE,
Tale of the Shipwrecked Sailor (pHermitage/pPetersburg 1115) lines 139–140:
- sḏd.j bꜣw.k n jtj dj.j sšꜣ.f m ꜥꜣ.k
- I will recount your ba-power to the sovereign and make him aware of your greatness.
- a great deed (done to someone)
Inflection
Declension of ꜥꜣ (masculine)
| singular
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ꜥꜣ
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| dual
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ꜥꜣwj
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| plural
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ꜥꜣw
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Alternative hieroglyphic writings of ꜥꜣ
Derived terms
Noun
m
- distinguished or respected person or god, great one
- older person, elder
- (in titles) leader, head (of something)
Inflection
Declension of ꜥꜣ (masculine)
| singular
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ꜥꜣ
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| dual
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ꜥꜣwj
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| plural
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ꜥꜣw
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Alternative hieroglyphic writings of ꜥꜣ
Derived terms
Descendants
(Compounded with nj (“of”):)
- ⇒ Demotic: ꜥꜣ n
- Bohairic Coptic: ⲁⲛ- (an-)
- Sahidic Coptic: ⲁⲛ- (an-)
Etymology 3
Possibly onomatopoeic, from the animal’s cry (hee-haw).
Pronunciation
- (reconstructed) IPA(key): /ˈjaːʕaʀ/ → /ˈjaːʕaʀ/ → /ˈjaːʕə/ → /joːʕ/
Noun
m
- ass, donkey
Inflection
Declension of ꜥꜣ (masculine)
| singular
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ꜥꜣ
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| dual
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ꜥꜣwj
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| plural
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ꜥꜣw
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Alternative hieroglyphic writings of ꜥꜣ
Derived terms
Descendants
- Demotic: ꜥꜣ
- Akhmimic Coptic: ⲓⲟⲩ (iou)
- Bohairic Coptic: ⲓⲱ (iō), ⲉⲱ (eō), ⲓⲁⲱ (iaō)
- Fayyumic Coptic: ⲓⲱ (iō)
- Lycopolitan Coptic: ⲉⲓⲱ (eiō)
- Sahidic Coptic: ⲉⲓⲱ (eiō), ⲓⲱ (iō), ⲉⲉⲓⲱ (eeiō), ⲉⲓⲟⲩ (eiou), ⲉⲱ (eō), ⲉⲟⲩ (eou), ⲓⲁⲱ (iaō)
Etymology 4
Noun
m
- doorleaf, single door
- (in the dual) double door
c. 1401 BCE,
Amduat of Amenhotep II (tomb of Amenhotep II, KV35) First Hour, closing text, line 7:
- wn n.k jmnt štꜣt jrww snš n.k ꜥꜣwj nwt wrt
- As the hidden region, secret of forms, is opened to you, so the double doors of the Great City are unstopped for you.
- sarcophagus lid
Inflection
Declension of ꜥꜣ (masculine)
| singular
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ꜥꜣ
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| dual
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ꜥꜣwj
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| plural
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ꜥꜣw
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Alternative hieroglyphic writings of ꜥꜣ
Derived terms
Etymology 5
Noun
m
- column, pillar
- part of a ship: mast?
Inflection
Declension of ꜥꜣ (masculine)
| singular
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ꜥꜣ
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| dual
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ꜥꜣwj
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| plural
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ꜥꜣw
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Alternative hieroglyphic writings of ꜥꜣ
References
- Erman, Adolf, Grapow, Hermann (1926) Wörterbuch der ägyptischen Sprache[1], volume 1, Berlin: Akademie-Verlag, →ISBN, pages 161.3–162.12, 162.18–163.7, 163.9–163.10, 164.7–165.11
- Faulkner, Raymond Oliver (1962) A Concise Dictionary of Middle Egyptian, Oxford: Griffith Institute, →ISBN, pages 37–38
- Hoch, James (1997) Middle Egyptian Grammar, Mississauga: Benben Publications, →ISBN, page 41
- James P[eter] Allen (2010) Middle Egyptian: An Introduction to the Language and Culture of Hieroglyphs, 2nd edition, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, page 457.
- ^ Loprieno, Antonio (1995) Ancient Egyptian: A Linguistic Introduction, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, page 57
- ^ Junge, Friedrich (2005) Late Egyptian Grammar: An Introduction, second English edition, Oxford: Griffith Institute, page 66