lingana

Chichewa

Etymology

Borrowed from Tumbuka -lingana.

Verb

-lingana (infinitive kulíngana)

  1. to correspond
  2. to accord
  3. to agree
  4. to be like
  5. to look like
  6. to coincide
  7. to be compatible
  8. to suit each other
  9. to be identical
  10. to be the same
  11. to be similar

References

  • Steven Paas (2016) Oxford Chichewa-English/English - Chichewa Dictionary‎[1], Oxford University Press, page 262

Fanagalo

Etymology

From Zulu -lingana, from Proto-Bantu *-dɪ̀ngana.

Verb

lingana

  1. to be equal to

Swahili

Pronunciation

  • Audio (Kenya):(file)

Verb

-lingana (infinitive kulingana)

  1. Reciprocal form of -linga: to be equal, to be similar
  2. to proclaim (especially a proclamation to God)

Conjugation

Conjugation of -lingana
Positive present -nalingana
Subjunctive -lingane
Negative -lingani
Imperative singular lingana
Infinitives
Positive kulingana
Negative kutolingana
Imperatives
Singular lingana
Plural linganeni
Tensed forms
Habitual hulingana
Positive past positive subject concord + -lilingana
Negative past negative subject concord + -kulingana
Positive present (positive subject concord + -nalingana)
Singular Plural
1st person ninalingana/nalingana tunalingana
2nd person unalingana mnalingana
3rd person m-wa(I/II) analingana wanalingana
other classes positive subject concord + -nalingana
Negative present (negative subject concord + -lingani)
Singular Plural
1st person silingani hatulingani
2nd person hulingani hamlingani
3rd person m-wa(I/II) halingani hawalingani
other classes negative subject concord + -lingani
Positive future positive subject concord + -talingana
Negative future negative subject concord + -talingana
Positive subjunctive (positive subject concord + -lingane)
Singular Plural
1st person nilingane tulingane
2nd person ulingane mlingane
3rd person m-wa(I/II) alingane walingane
other classes positive subject concord + -lingane
Negative subjunctive positive subject concord + -silingane
Positive present conditional positive subject concord + -ngelingana
Negative present conditional positive subject concord + -singelingana
Positive past conditional positive subject concord + -ngalilingana
Negative past conditional positive subject concord + -singalilingana
Gnomic (positive subject concord + -alingana)
Singular Plural
1st person nalingana twalingana
2nd person walingana mwalingana
3rd person m-wa(I/II) alingana walingana
m-mi(III/IV) walingana yalingana
ji-ma(V/VI) lalingana yalingana
ki-vi(VII/VIII) chalingana vyalingana
n(IX/X) yalingana zalingana
u(XI) walingana see n(X) or ma(VI) class
ku(XV/XVII) kwalingana
pa(XVI) palingana
mu(XVIII) mwalingana
Perfect positive subject concord + -melingana
"Already" positive subject concord + -meshalingana
"Not yet" negative subject concord + -jalingana
"If/When" positive subject concord + -kilingana
"If not" positive subject concord + -sipolingana
Consecutive kalingana / positive subject concord + -kalingana
Consecutive subjunctive positive subject concord + -kalingane
Object concord —
Relative forms
General positive (positive subject concord + -lingana- + relative marker)
Singular Plural
m-wa(I/II) -linganaye -linganao
m-mi(III/IV) -linganao -linganayo
ji-ma(V/VI) -linganalo -linganayo
ki-vi(VII/VIII) -linganacho -linganavyo
n(IX/X) -linganayo -linganazo
u(XI) -linganao see n(X) or ma(VI) class
ku(XV/XVII) -linganako
pa(XVI) -linganapo
mu(XVIII) -linganamo
Other forms (subject concord + tense marker + relative marker + -lingana)
Singular Plural
m-wa(I/II) -yelingana -olingana
m-mi(III/IV) -olingana -yolingana
ji-ma(V/VI) -lolingana -yolingana
ki-vi(VII/VIII) -cholingana -vyolingana
n(IX/X) -yolingana -zolingana
u(XI) -olingana see n(X) or ma(VI) class
ku(XV/XVII) -kolingana
pa(XVI) -polingana
mu(XVIII) -molingana
Some forms not commonly seen in modern Standard Swahili are absent from the table. See Appendix:Swahili verbs for more information.

Swazi

Etymology

From Proto-Bantu *-dɪ̀ngana.

Verb

-língana

  1. (intransitive) to be equal [with na- ‘to’]

Inflection

This verb needs an inflection-table template.

Tumbuka

Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Bantu *-dɪ̀ngana.

Verb

-lingana (infinitive kulingana)

  1. to be like
  2. to be equal to
  3. to agree with

Usage notes

The verb takes the preposition na.

Derived terms

  • kwakulingana na (“according to”)
  • Chichewa: -lingana

References

  • Steven Paas (2016) Oxford Chichewa-English/English - Chichewa Dictionary‎[2], Oxford University Press, page 262

Xhosa

Etymology

From Proto-Bantu *-dɪ̀ngana.

Verb

-língana

  1. (intransitive) to be equal [with na- ‘to’]

Inflection

This verb needs an inflection-table template.

Zulu

Etymology

From Proto-Bantu *-dɪ̀ngana.

Verb

-lingana

  1. (intransitive) to be equal [with na- ‘to’]
  2. (intransitive) to be balanced, level, even
  3. (intransitive) to fit, to suit
  4. (intransitive) to suffice

Inflection

tone L (infinitive ukulingana)
positive negative
infinitive ukulingana ukungalingani
imperative
simple + object concord
singular lingana -lingane
plural linganani -linganeni
present
positive absolute positive relative positive participial negative absolute negative relative negative participial
1st singular ngiyalingana, ngilingana engilinganayo, engilingana ngilingana angilingani engingalingani ngingalingani
2nd singular uyalingana, ulingana olinganayo, olingana ulingana awulingani ongalingani ungalingani
1st plural siyalingana, silingana esilinganayo, esilingana silingana asilingani esingalingani singalingani
2nd plural niyalingana, nilingana enilinganayo, enilingana nilingana anilingani eningalingani ningalingani
class 1 uyalingana, ulingana olinganayo, olingana elingana akalingani ongalingani engalingani
class 2 bayalingana, balingana abalinganayo, abalingana belingana abalingani abangalingani bengalingani
class 3 uyalingana, ulingana olinganayo, olingana ulingana awulingani ongalingani ungalingani
class 4 iyalingana, ilingana elinganayo, elingana ilingana ayilingani engalingani ingalingani
class 5 liyalingana, lilingana elilinganayo, elilingana lilingana alilingani elingalingani lingalingani
class 6 ayalingana, alingana alinganayo, alingana elingana awalingani angalingani engalingani
class 7 siyalingana, silingana esilinganayo, esilingana silingana asilingani esingalingani singalingani
class 8 ziyalingana, zilingana ezilinganayo, ezilingana zilingana azilingani ezingalingani zingalingani
class 9 iyalingana, ilingana elinganayo, elingana ilingana ayilingani engalingani ingalingani
class 10 ziyalingana, zilingana ezilinganayo, ezilingana zilingana azilingani ezingalingani zingalingani
class 11 luyalingana, lulingana olulinganayo, olulingana lulingana alulingani olungalingani lungalingani
class 14 buyalingana, bulingana obulinganayo, obulingana bulingana abulingani obungalingani bungalingani
class 15 kuyalingana, kulingana okulinganayo, okulingana kulingana akulingani okungalingani kungalingani
class 17 kuyalingana, kulingana okulinganayo, okulingana kulingana akulingani okungalingani kungalingani
recent past
positive absolute positive relative positive participial negative absolute negative relative negative participial
1st singular ngilinganile, ngilinganē engilinganile, engilinganē ngilinganile, ngilinganē angilingananga engingalingananga ngingalingananga
2nd singular ulinganile, ulinganē olinganile, olinganē ulinganile, ulinganē awulingananga ongalingananga ungalingananga
1st plural silinganile, silinganē esilinganile, esilinganē silinganile, silinganē asilingananga esingalingananga singalingananga
2nd plural nilinganile, nilinganē enilinganile, enilinganē nilinganile, nilinganē anilingananga eningalingananga ningalingananga
class 1 ulinganile, ulinganē olinganile, olinganē elinganile, elinganē akalingananga ongalingananga engalingananga
class 2 balinganile, balinganē abalinganile, abalinganē belinganile, belinganē abalingananga abangalingananga bengalingananga
class 3 ulinganile, ulinganē olinganile, olinganē ulinganile, ulinganē awulingananga ongalingananga ungalingananga
class 4 ilinganile, ilinganē elinganile, elinganē ilinganile, ilinganē ayilingananga engalingananga ingalingananga
class 5 lilinganile, lilinganē elilinganile, elilinganē lilinganile, lilinganē alilingananga elingalingananga lingalingananga
class 6 alinganile, alinganē alinganile, alinganē elinganile, elinganē awalingananga angalingananga engalingananga
class 7 silinganile, silinganē esilinganile, esilinganē silinganile, silinganē asilingananga esingalingananga singalingananga
class 8 zilinganile, zilinganē ezilinganile, ezilinganē zilinganile, zilinganē azilingananga ezingalingananga zingalingananga
class 9 ilinganile, ilinganē elinganile, elinganē ilinganile, ilinganē ayilingananga engalingananga ingalingananga
class 10 zilinganile, zilinganē ezilinganile, ezilinganē zilinganile, zilinganē azilingananga ezingalingananga zingalingananga
class 11 lulinganile, lulinganē olulinganile, olulinganē lulinganile, lulinganē alulingananga olungalingananga lungalingananga
class 14 bulinganile, bulinganē obulinganile, obulinganē bulinganile, bulinganē abulingananga obungalingananga bungalingananga
class 15 kulinganile, kulinganē okulinganile, okulinganē kulinganile, kulinganē akulingananga okungalingananga kungalingananga
class 17 kulinganile, kulinganē okulinganile, okulinganē kulinganile, kulinganē akulingananga okungalingananga kungalingananga
remote past
positive absolute positive relative positive participial negative absolute negative relative negative participial
1st singular ngālingana engālingana ngālingana angilingananga engingalingananga ngingalingananga
2nd singular wālingana owālingana wālingana awulingananga ongalingananga ungalingananga
1st plural sālingana esālingana sālingana asilingananga esingalingananga singalingananga
2nd plural nālingana enālingana nālingana anilingananga eningalingananga ningalingananga
class 1 wālingana owālingana ālingana akalingananga ongalingananga engalingananga
class 2 bālingana abālingana bālingana abalingananga abangalingananga bengalingananga
class 3 wālingana owālingana wālingana awulingananga ongalingananga ungalingananga
class 4 yālingana eyālingana yālingana ayilingananga engalingananga ingalingananga
class 5 lālingana elālingana lālingana alilingananga elingalingananga lingalingananga
class 6 ālingana ālingana ālingana awalingananga angalingananga engalingananga
class 7 sālingana esālingana sālingana asilingananga esingalingananga singalingananga
class 8 zālingana ezālingana zālingana azilingananga ezingalingananga zingalingananga
class 9 yālingana eyālingana yālingana ayilingananga engalingananga ingalingananga
class 10 zālingana ezālingana zālingana azilingananga ezingalingananga zingalingananga
class 11 lwālingana olwālingana lwālingana alulingananga olungalingananga lungalingananga
class 14 bālingana obālingana bālingana abulingananga obungalingananga bungalingananga
class 15 kwālingana okwālingana kwālingana akulingananga okungalingananga kungalingananga
class 17 kwālingana okwālingana kwālingana akulingananga okungalingananga kungalingananga
potential
positive absolute positive relative positive participial negative absolute negative relative negative participial
1st singular ngingalingana — ngingalingana ngingelingane — ngingelingane
2nd singular ungalingana — ungalingana ungelingane — ungelingane
1st plural singalingana — singalingana singelingane — singelingane
2nd plural ningalingana — ningalingana ningelingane — ningelingane
class 1 angalingana — engalingana angelingane — engelingane
class 2 bangalingana — bengalingana bangelingane — bengelingane
class 3 ungalingana — ungalingana ungelingane — ungelingane
class 4 ingalingana — ingalingana ingelingane — ingelingane
class 5 lingalingana — lingalingana lingelingane — lingelingane
class 6 angalingana — engalingana angelingane — engelingane
class 7 singalingana — singalingana singelingane — singelingane
class 8 zingalingana — zingalingana zingelingane — zingelingane
class 9 ingalingana — ingalingana ingelingane — ingelingane
class 10 zingalingana — zingalingana zingelingane — zingelingane
class 11 lungalingana — lungalingana lungelingane — lungelingane
class 14 bungalingana — bungalingana bungelingane — bungelingane
class 15 kungalingana — kungalingana kungelingane — kungelingane
class 17 kungalingana — kungalingana kungelingane — kungelingane
immediate future
positive absolute positive relative positive participial negative absolute negative relative negative participial
1st singular ngizolingana engizolingana ngizolingana angizulingana engingezulingana ngingezulingana
2nd singular uzolingana ozolingana uzolingana awuzulingana ongezulingana ungezulingana
1st plural sizolingana esizolingana sizolingana asizulingana esingezulingana singezulingana
2nd plural nizolingana enizolingana nizolingana anizulingana eningezulingana ningezulingana
class 1 uzolingana ozolingana ezolingana akazulingana ongezulingana engezulingana
class 2 bazolingana abazolingana bezolingana abazulingana abangezulingana bengezulingana
class 3 uzolingana ozolingana uzolingana awuzulingana ongezulingana ungezulingana
class 4 izolingana ezolingana izolingana ayizulingana engezulingana ingezulingana
class 5 lizolingana elizolingana lizolingana alizulingana elingezulingana lingezulingana
class 6 azolingana azolingana ezolingana awazulingana angezulingana engezulingana
class 7 sizolingana esizolingana sizolingana asizulingana esingezulingana singezulingana
class 8 zizolingana ezizolingana zizolingana azizulingana ezingezulingana zingezulingana
class 9 izolingana ezolingana izolingana ayizulingana engezulingana ingezulingana
class 10 zizolingana ezizolingana zizolingana azizulingana ezingezulingana zingezulingana
class 11 luzolingana oluzolingana luzolingana aluzulingana olungezulingana lungezulingana
class 14 buzolingana obuzolingana buzolingana abuzulingana obungezulingana bungezulingana
class 15 kuzolingana okuzolingana kuzolingana akuzulingana okungezulingana kungezulingana
class 17 kuzolingana okuzolingana kuzolingana akuzulingana okungezulingana kungezulingana
remote future
positive absolute positive relative positive participial negative absolute negative relative negative participial
1st singular ngiyolingana engiyolingana ngiyolingana angiyulingana engingeyulingana ngingeyulingana
2nd singular uyolingana oyolingana uyolingana awuyulingana ongeyulingana ungeyulingana
1st plural siyolingana esiyolingana siyolingana asiyulingana esingeyulingana singeyulingana
2nd plural niyolingana eniyolingana niyolingana aniyulingana eningeyulingana ningeyulingana
class 1 uyolingana oyolingana eyolingana akayulingana ongeyulingana engeyulingana
class 2 bayolingana abayolingana beyolingana abayulingana abangeyulingana bengeyulingana
class 3 uyolingana oyolingana uyolingana awuyulingana ongeyulingana ungeyulingana
class 4 iyolingana eyolingana iyolingana ayiyulingana engeyulingana ingeyulingana
class 5 liyolingana eliyolingana liyolingana aliyulingana elingeyulingana lingeyulingana
class 6 ayolingana ayolingana eyolingana awayulingana angeyulingana engeyulingana
class 7 siyolingana esiyolingana siyolingana asiyulingana esingeyulingana singeyulingana
class 8 ziyolingana eziyolingana ziyolingana aziyulingana ezingeyulingana zingeyulingana
class 9 iyolingana eyolingana iyolingana ayiyulingana engeyulingana ingeyulingana
class 10 ziyolingana eziyolingana ziyolingana aziyulingana ezingeyulingana zingeyulingana
class 11 luyolingana oluyolingana luyolingana aluyulingana olungeyulingana lungeyulingana
class 14 buyolingana obuyolingana buyolingana abuyulingana obungeyulingana bungeyulingana
class 15 kuyolingana okuyolingana kuyolingana akuyulingana okungeyulingana kungeyulingana
class 17 kuyolingana okuyolingana kuyolingana akuyulingana okungeyulingana kungeyulingana
present subjunctive
positive negative
1st singular ngilingane ngingalingani
2nd singular ulingane ungalingani
1st plural silingane singalingani
2nd plural nilingane ningalingani
class 1 alingane angalingani
class 2 balingane bangalingani
class 3 ulingane ungalingani
class 4 ilingane ingalingani
class 5 lilingane lingalingani
class 6 alingane angalingani
class 7 silingane singalingani
class 8 zilingane zingalingani
class 9 ilingane ingalingani
class 10 zilingane zingalingani
class 11 lulingane lungalingani
class 14 bulingane bungalingani
class 15 kulingane kungalingani
class 17 kulingane kungalingani
past subjunctive
positive negative
1st singular ngalingana ngangalingana, angalingana, angangalingana
2nd singular walingana wangalingana, awalingana, awangalingana
1st plural salingana sangalingana, asalingana, asangalingana
2nd plural nalingana nangalingana, analingana, anangalingana
class 1 walingana wangalingana, akalingana, akangalingana
class 2 balingana bangalingana, abalingana, abangalingana
class 3 walingana wangalingana, awalingana, awangalingana
class 4 yalingana yangalingana, ayalingana, ayangalingana
class 5 lalingana langalingana, alalingana, alangalingana
class 6 alingana angalingana, awalingana, awangalingana
class 7 salingana sangalingana, asalingana, asangalingana
class 8 zalingana zangalingana, azalingana, azangalingana
class 9 yalingana yangalingana, ayalingana, ayangalingana
class 10 zalingana zangalingana, azalingana, azangalingana
class 11 lwalingana lwangalingana, alwalingana, alwangalingana
class 14 balingana bangalingana, abalingana, abangalingana
class 15 kwalingana kwangalingana, akwalingana, akwangalingana
class 17 kwalingana kwangalingana, akwalingana, akwangalingana

References

  • C. M. Doke, B. W. Vilakazi (1972) “lingana”, in Zulu-English Dictionary, →ISBN: “lingana (3.2.9, ukulingana, 6.6.3.9.9)”
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