Lindu
Noun
tawala
- spear
Swahili
Etymology
Borrowed from Arabic تَوَلَّى (tawallā).
Pronunciation
Verb
-tawala (infinitive kutawala)
- to rule, to reign
- Synonyms: -miliki, -tamalaki
Conjugation
| Conjugation of -tawala
|
| Positive present
|
-natawala
|
| Subjunctive
|
-tawale
|
| Negative
|
-tawali
|
| Imperative singular
|
tawala
|
|
| Infinitives
|
|
|
| Imperatives
|
| Singular
|
tawala
|
| Plural
|
tawaleni
|
|
| Tensed forms
|
| Habitual
|
hutawala
|
| Positive past
|
positive subject concord + -litawala
|
| Negative past
|
negative subject concord + -kutawala
|
|
| Positive present (positive subject concord + -natawala)
|
|
|
Singular
|
Plural
|
| 1st person
|
ninatawala/natawala
|
tunatawala
|
| 2nd person
|
unatawala
|
mnatawala
|
| 3rd person
|
m-wa(I/II)
|
anatawala
|
wanatawala
|
| other classes
|
positive subject concord + -natawala
|
|
| Negative present (negative subject concord + -tawali)
|
|
|
Singular
|
Plural
|
| 1st person
|
sitawali
|
hatutawali
|
| 2nd person
|
hutawali
|
hamtawali
|
| 3rd person
|
m-wa(I/II)
|
hatawali
|
hawatawali
|
| other classes
|
negative subject concord + -tawali
|
|
| Positive future
|
positive subject concord + -tatawala
|
| Negative future
|
negative subject concord + -tatawala
|
|
| Positive subjunctive (positive subject concord + -tawale)
|
|
|
Singular
|
Plural
|
| 1st person
|
nitawale
|
tutawale
|
| 2nd person
|
utawale
|
mtawale
|
| 3rd person
|
m-wa(I/II)
|
atawale
|
watawale
|
| other classes
|
positive subject concord + -tawale
|
|
| Negative subjunctive
|
positive subject concord + -sitawale
|
| Positive present conditional
|
positive subject concord + -ngetawala
|
| Negative present conditional
|
positive subject concord + -singetawala
|
| Positive past conditional
|
positive subject concord + -ngalitawala
|
| Negative past conditional
|
positive subject concord + -singalitawala
|
|
| Gnomic (positive subject concord + -atawala)
|
|
|
Singular
|
Plural
|
| 1st person
|
natawala
|
twatawala
|
| 2nd person
|
watawala
|
mwatawala
|
| 3rd person
|
m-wa(I/II)
|
atawala
|
watawala
|
| m-mi(III/IV)
|
watawala
|
yatawala
|
| ji-ma(V/VI)
|
latawala
|
yatawala
|
| ki-vi(VII/VIII)
|
chatawala
|
vyatawala
|
| n(IX/X)
|
yatawala
|
zatawala
|
| u(XI)
|
watawala
|
see n(X) or ma(VI) class
|
| ku(XV/XVII)
|
kwatawala
|
|
| pa(XVI)
|
patawala
|
|
| mu(XVIII)
|
mwatawala
|
|
|
| Perfect
|
positive subject concord + -metawala
|
| "Already"
|
positive subject concord + -meshatawala
|
| "Not yet"
|
negative subject concord + -jatawala
|
| "If/When"
|
positive subject concord + -kitawala
|
| "If not"
|
positive subject concord + -sipotawala
|
| Consecutive
|
katawala / positive subject concord + -katawala
|
| Consecutive subjunctive
|
positive subject concord + -katawale
|
|
| Object concord (indicative positive)
|
|
|
Singular
|
Plural
|
| 1st person
|
-nitawala
|
-tutawala
|
| 2nd person
|
-kutawala
|
-watawala/-kutawaleni/-watawaleni
|
| 3rd person
|
m-wa(I/II)
|
-mtawala
|
-watawala
|
| m-mi(III/IV)
|
-utawala
|
-itawala
|
| ji-ma(V/VI)
|
-litawala
|
-yatawala
|
| ki-vi(VII/VIII)
|
-kitawala
|
-vitawala
|
| n(IX/X)
|
-itawala
|
-zitawala
|
| u(XI)
|
-utawala
|
see n(X) or ma(VI) class
|
| ku(XV/XVII)
|
-kutawala
|
|
| pa(XVI)
|
-patawala
|
|
| mu(XVIII)
|
-mutawala
|
|
| Reflexive
|
-jitawala
|
|
| Relative forms
|
| General positive (positive subject concord + (object concord) + -tawala- + relative marker)
|
|
|
Singular
|
Plural
|
| m-wa(I/II)
|
-tawalaye
|
-tawalao
|
| m-mi(III/IV)
|
-tawalao
|
-tawalayo
|
| ji-ma(V/VI)
|
-tawalalo
|
-tawalayo
|
| ki-vi(VII/VIII)
|
-tawalacho
|
-tawalavyo
|
| n(IX/X)
|
-tawalayo
|
-tawalazo
|
| u(XI)
|
-tawalao
|
see n(X) or ma(VI) class
|
| ku(XV/XVII)
|
-tawalako
|
|
| pa(XVI)
|
-tawalapo
|
|
| mu(XVIII)
|
-tawalamo
|
|
|
| Other forms (subject concord + tense marker + relative marker + (object concord) + -tawala)
|
|
|
Singular
|
Plural
|
| m-wa(I/II)
|
-yetawala
|
-otawala
|
| m-mi(III/IV)
|
-otawala
|
-yotawala
|
| ji-ma(V/VI)
|
-lotawala
|
-yotawala
|
| ki-vi(VII/VIII)
|
-chotawala
|
-vyotawala
|
| n(IX/X)
|
-yotawala
|
-zotawala
|
| u(XI)
|
-otawala
|
see n(X) or ma(VI) class
|
| ku(XV/XVII)
|
-kotawala
|
|
| pa(XVI)
|
-potawala
|
|
| mu(XVIII)
|
-motawala
|
|
|
|
| Some forms not commonly seen in modern Standard Swahili are absent from the table. See Appendix:Swahili verbs for more information.
|
Derived terms
- Nominal derivations:
- mtawala (“ruler, administrator”)
- utawala (“rule, reign, administration”)