Swahili
Etymology
Borrowed from Arabic ثَبُتَ (ṯabuta) or Arabic ثُبُوت (ṯubūt).[1]
Pronunciation
Verb
-thubutu (infinitive kuthubutu)
- to dare, to have the courage to do something
Conjugation
| Conjugation of -thubutu
|
| Positive present
|
-nathubutu
|
| Subjunctive
|
-thubutu
|
| Negative
|
-thubutu
|
| Imperative singular
|
thubutu
|
|
| Infinitives
|
|
|
| Imperatives
|
| Singular
|
thubutu
|
| Plural
|
thubutuni
|
|
| Tensed forms
|
| Habitual
|
huthubutu
|
| Positive past
|
positive subject concord + -lithubutu
|
| Negative past
|
negative subject concord + -kuthubutu
|
|
| Positive present (positive subject concord + -nathubutu)
|
|
|
Singular
|
Plural
|
| 1st person
|
ninathubutu/nathubutu
|
tunathubutu
|
| 2nd person
|
unathubutu
|
mnathubutu
|
| 3rd person
|
m-wa(I/II)
|
anathubutu
|
wanathubutu
|
| other classes
|
positive subject concord + -nathubutu
|
|
| Negative present (negative subject concord + -thubutu)
|
|
|
Singular
|
Plural
|
| 1st person
|
sithubutu
|
hatuthubutu
|
| 2nd person
|
huthubutu
|
hamthubutu
|
| 3rd person
|
m-wa(I/II)
|
hathubutu
|
hawathubutu
|
| other classes
|
negative subject concord + -thubutu
|
|
| Positive future
|
positive subject concord + -tathubutu
|
| Negative future
|
negative subject concord + -tathubutu
|
|
| Positive subjunctive (positive subject concord + -thubutu)
|
|
|
Singular
|
Plural
|
| 1st person
|
nithubutu
|
tuthubutu
|
| 2nd person
|
uthubutu
|
mthubutu
|
| 3rd person
|
m-wa(I/II)
|
athubutu
|
wathubutu
|
| other classes
|
positive subject concord + -thubutu
|
|
| Negative subjunctive
|
positive subject concord + -sithubutu
|
| Positive present conditional
|
positive subject concord + -ngethubutu
|
| Negative present conditional
|
positive subject concord + -singethubutu
|
| Positive past conditional
|
positive subject concord + -ngalithubutu
|
| Negative past conditional
|
positive subject concord + -singalithubutu
|
|
| Gnomic (positive subject concord + -athubutu)
|
|
|
Singular
|
Plural
|
| 1st person
|
nathubutu
|
twathubutu
|
| 2nd person
|
wathubutu
|
mwathubutu
|
| 3rd person
|
m-wa(I/II)
|
athubutu
|
wathubutu
|
| m-mi(III/IV)
|
wathubutu
|
yathubutu
|
| ji-ma(V/VI)
|
lathubutu
|
yathubutu
|
| ki-vi(VII/VIII)
|
chathubutu
|
vyathubutu
|
| n(IX/X)
|
yathubutu
|
zathubutu
|
| u(XI)
|
wathubutu
|
see n(X) or ma(VI) class
|
| ku(XV/XVII)
|
kwathubutu
|
|
| pa(XVI)
|
pathubutu
|
|
| mu(XVIII)
|
mwathubutu
|
|
|
| Perfect
|
positive subject concord + -methubutu
|
| "Already"
|
positive subject concord + -meshathubutu
|
| "Not yet"
|
negative subject concord + -jathubutu
|
| "If/When"
|
positive subject concord + -kithubutu
|
| "If not"
|
positive subject concord + -sipothubutu
|
| Consecutive
|
kathubutu / positive subject concord + -kathubutu
|
| Consecutive subjunctive
|
positive subject concord + -kathubutu
|
|
| Object concord (indicative positive)
|
|
|
Singular
|
Plural
|
| 1st person
|
-nithubutu
|
-tuthubutu
|
| 2nd person
|
-kuthubutu
|
-wathubutu/-kuthubutuni/-wathubutuni
|
| 3rd person
|
m-wa(I/II)
|
-mthubutu
|
-wathubutu
|
| m-mi(III/IV)
|
-uthubutu
|
-ithubutu
|
| ji-ma(V/VI)
|
-lithubutu
|
-yathubutu
|
| ki-vi(VII/VIII)
|
-kithubutu
|
-vithubutu
|
| n(IX/X)
|
-ithubutu
|
-zithubutu
|
| u(XI)
|
-uthubutu
|
see n(X) or ma(VI) class
|
| ku(XV/XVII)
|
-kuthubutu
|
|
| pa(XVI)
|
-pathubutu
|
|
| mu(XVIII)
|
-muthubutu
|
|
| Reflexive
|
-jithubutu
|
|
| Relative forms
|
| General positive (positive subject concord + (object concord) + -thubutu- + relative marker)
|
|
|
Singular
|
Plural
|
| m-wa(I/II)
|
-thubutuye
|
-thubutuo
|
| m-mi(III/IV)
|
-thubutuo
|
-thubutuyo
|
| ji-ma(V/VI)
|
-thubutulo
|
-thubutuyo
|
| ki-vi(VII/VIII)
|
-thubutucho
|
-thubutuvyo
|
| n(IX/X)
|
-thubutuyo
|
-thubutuzo
|
| u(XI)
|
-thubutuo
|
see n(X) or ma(VI) class
|
| ku(XV/XVII)
|
-thubutuko
|
|
| pa(XVI)
|
-thubutupo
|
|
| mu(XVIII)
|
-thubutumo
|
|
|
| Other forms (subject concord + tense marker + relative marker + (object concord) + -thubutu)
|
|
|
Singular
|
Plural
|
| m-wa(I/II)
|
-yethubutu
|
-othubutu
|
| m-mi(III/IV)
|
-othubutu
|
-yothubutu
|
| ji-ma(V/VI)
|
-lothubutu
|
-yothubutu
|
| ki-vi(VII/VIII)
|
-chothubutu
|
-vyothubutu
|
| n(IX/X)
|
-yothubutu
|
-zothubutu
|
| u(XI)
|
-othubutu
|
see n(X) or ma(VI) class
|
| ku(XV/XVII)
|
-kothubutu
|
|
| pa(XVI)
|
-pothubutu
|
|
| mu(XVIII)
|
-mothubutu
|
|
|
|
| Some forms not commonly seen in modern Standard Swahili are absent from the table. See Appendix:Swahili verbs for more information.
|
References
- ^ Baldi, Sergio (30 November 2020) Dictionary of Arabic Loanwords in the Languages of Central and East Africa (Handbuch der Orientalistik; Erste Abteilung: Der Nahe und der Mittlere Osten; 145), Leiden • Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 50 Nr. 407