核

See also: 覈
核 U+6838, 核
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-6838
← 样
[U+6837] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 根 →
[U+6839]

Translingual

Han character

核 (Kangxi radical 75, 木+6, 10 strokes, cangjie input 木卜女人 (DYVO), four-corner 40982, composition ⿰木亥)

Derived characters

  • 𫈺

References

  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 524, character 4
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 14743
  • Dae Jaweon: page 912, character 7
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 2, page 1206, character 4
  • Unihan data for U+6838

Chinese

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 核
Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)
Small seal script
Characters in the same phonetic series (亥) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
該 *kɯː
垓 *kɯː
賅 *kɯː
陔 *kɯː
豥 *kɯː, *ɡɯː
荄 *kɯː, *krɯː
郂 *kɯː
姟 *kɯː
絯 *kɯː, *ɡrɯːʔ
晐 *kɯː
峐 *kɯː
侅 *kɯː, *kʰɯː, *ɡɯːʔ, *ɡrɯːʔ
胲 *kɯː
頦 *kɯːʔ, *ɡɯː
奒 *kʰɯː
輆 *kʰɯːʔ
欬 *kʰɯːɡs, *qraːds
硋 *ŋɡɯːɡs
閡 *ŋɡɯːɡs
咳 *qʰɯː, *ɡɯː
孩 *ɡɯː
亥 *ɡɯːʔ
劾 *ɡɯːɡs, *kʰrɯːɡs, *ɡɯːɡ
痎 *krɯː
烗 *kʰrɯːɡs
骸 *ɡrɯː
駭 *ɡrɯːʔ
刻 *kʰɯːɡ
餩 *qɯːɡ
核 *ɡuːd, *ɡrɯːɡ

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *ɡuːd, *ɡrɯːɡ): semantic 木 (“tree”) + phonetic 亥 (OC *ɡɯːʔ) – a kind of tree. Modern meanings are borrowed.

Etymology 1

The definitions related to “to examine” come from the “kernel” sense, i.e. “to go to the core” (Schuessler, 2007).

Generally thought to be of Sino-Tibetan origin. It has been compared to Tibetan རག་ཙེ (rag tse), Karbi rak (Gong, 2002; Schuessler, 2007). However, Hill (2012) rejects the connection to the Tibetan word because most words ending with ཙེ (tse) are loanwords from Chinese words ending with the 子 suffix.

Smith (2011) groups this word with the following terms into a word family meaning “root, germ, generative core”:

  • 荄 (OC *kɯː, “grassroot”) and its derivative 根 (OC *kɯːn, “root”),
  • 骸 (OC *ɡrɯː, “(human) bones”) (also noted by Schuessler, 2007),
  • 孩 (OC *ɡɯː, “child”),
  • 亥 (OC *ɡɯːʔ, “sprouting stage”), i.e. "the moon’s first appearance" > "twelfth earthly branch".

Pronunciation 1

simp. and trad.
 核
alternative forms 𣝗
Note:
  • wat6/wat6-2 - “seed; kernel”;
  • hat6 - “nucleus; nuclear”.
Note:
  • Sixian:
    • fu̍t - “seed; kernel”;
    • ha̍k - only in 核卵.
  • Meixian:
    • fud6 - vernacular (“kernel“);
    • hag6 - in 核卵.
    • Jin
      • (Taiyuan)+
        • Wiktionary: heh5 / geh5
        • Sinological IPA (old-style): /xəʔ⁵⁴/, /kəʔ⁵⁴/
    Note: geh5 - used in 核桃.
    Note:
    • hoh7/huoh7 - vernacular;
    • heh7 - literary.
    Note:
    • hu̍t - vernacular (“seed; core”);
    • ha̍t - vernacular (“swelling in the lymph glands”);
    • he̍k/hia̍k/he̍rt - literary.
    Note: hug8 - “seed”.
    • Wu
      • (Northern: Shanghai)
        • Wugniu: 8gheq; 8ngeq; 8weq
        • MiniDict: gheh入; ngeh入; weh入
        • Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): 5hheq; 5ngeq; 5hhueq
        • Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /ɦəʔ¹²/, /ŋəʔ¹²/, /ɦuəʔ¹²/
    • Dialectal data
    Variety Location 核
    Mandarin Beijing /xɤ³⁵/
    Harbin /xɤ²⁴/
    Tianjin /xɤ⁴⁵/ ～算
    /xu⁴⁵/ 棗～兒
    Jinan /xə⁴²/
    Qingdao /xɛ⁴²/ ～心
    /xuə⁴²/ ～桃
    Zhengzhou /xai⁴²/
    Xi'an /xai²¹/ ～算
    /xu²⁴/ 桃～儿
    Xining /xɛ⁴⁴/
    Yinchuan /xa¹³/ ～算
    /xɛ¹³/ ～算
    /xə¹³/ ～算
    /xɯ¹³/ ～桃
    Lanzhou /xə⁵³/
    /xu⁵³/
    Ürümqi /xɤ⁵¹/
    /xu⁵¹/
    Wuhan /xɤ²¹³/
    Chengdu /xe³¹/
    Guiyang /xɛ²¹/
    Kunming /xə³¹/
    Nanjing /xəʔ⁵/
    Hefei /xɐʔ⁵/
    Jin Taiyuan /xəʔ²/ ～算
    /kəʔ⁵⁴/ ～桃
    Pingyao /kʌʔ⁵³/ ～桃
    /kʰʌʔ¹³/ 審～
    Hohhot /xaʔ⁴³/ ～算
    /xu³¹/ 棗～子
    Wu Shanghai /ɦəʔ¹/
    /ŋəʔ¹/
    /ɦuəʔ¹/
    Suzhou /ŋəʔ³/
    Hangzhou /ɦɑʔ²/
    Wenzhou /jy²¹³/
    Hui Shexian /xɛʔ²¹/ ～對
    /xɛ²²/ 山～桃
    Tunxi /xə¹¹/
    /uən²⁴/
    Xiang Changsha /xə²⁴/
    Xiangtan /hæ²⁴/
    Gan Nanchang /hɛʔ²/
    Hakka Meixian /hak̚⁵/
    Taoyuan /het̚²²/
    Cantonese Guangzhou /hɐt̚²/ ～對
    /wɐt̚²/ 桃～
    Nanning /wɐt̚²²/
    Hong Kong /hɐt̚²/ ～對
    /wɐt̚²/ 桃～
    Min Xiamen (Hokkien) /hik̚⁵/
    Fuzhou (Eastern Min) /houʔ⁵/
    Jian'ou (Northern Min) /xo⁴⁴/ 名
    /xɛ²⁴/ 動
    Shantou (Teochew) /hek̚²/
    /huk̚⁵/
    Haikou (Hainanese) /hut̚⁵/
    Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
    Character 核
    Reading # 1/1
    Modern
    Beijing
    (Pinyin)         		hé
    Middle
    Chinese         		‹ hɛk ›
    Old
    Chinese         		/*[ɡ]ˁ<r>ək/
    English kernel fruit; scrutinize

    Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

    * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
    * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
    * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
    * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

    * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
    Zhengzhang system (2003)
    Character 核
    Reading # 1/2
    No. 4334
    Phonetic
    component         		骨
    Rime
    group         		物
    Rime
    subdivision         		2
    Corresponding
    MC rime         		搰
    Old
    Chinese         		/*ɡuːd/
    Notes 𣝗字訓讀
    Definitions

    核

    1. seed; pit; stone; kernel; core; nut (Classifier: 粒 c)
      𦧲核 [Cantonese]  ―  loe1 wat6 [Jyutping]  ―  to spit out seeds
    2. (computing) -core
      See also: 核心
      4核  ―  sì-hé  ―  quad-core
    3. (physics, chemistry, biology) nucleus
    4. (physics) nuclear
    5. (mathematics, algebra, linear algebra) kernel
    6. (Hokkien) swelling in the lymph glands (lymphatic hard lumps due to inflammation, etc.)
    7. (Xiamen and Zhangzhou and Taiwanese Hokkien) small formed lump
    8. (Xiamen and Zhangzhou Hokkien) Classifier for fruits with a pit inside.
    Synonyms

    Pronunciation 2

    simp. and trad.
    		 核
    alternative forms 覈
    Note: “to examine”.
    • Dialectal data
    Variety Location 核
    Mandarin Beijing /xɤ³⁵/
    Harbin /xɤ²⁴/
    Tianjin /xɤ⁴⁵/ ～算
    /xu⁴⁵/ 棗～兒
    Jinan /xə⁴²/
    Qingdao /xɛ⁴²/ ～心
    /xuə⁴²/ ～桃
    Zhengzhou /xai⁴²/
    Xi'an /xai²¹/ ～算
    /xu²⁴/ 桃～儿
    Xining /xɛ⁴⁴/
    Yinchuan /xa¹³/ ～算
    /xɛ¹³/ ～算
    /xə¹³/ ～算
    /xɯ¹³/ ～桃
    Lanzhou /xə⁵³/
    /xu⁵³/
    Ürümqi /xɤ⁵¹/
    /xu⁵¹/
    Wuhan /xɤ²¹³/
    Chengdu /xe³¹/
    Guiyang /xɛ²¹/
    Kunming /xə³¹/
    Nanjing /xəʔ⁵/
    Hefei /xɐʔ⁵/
    Jin Taiyuan /xəʔ²/ ～算
    /kəʔ⁵⁴/ ～桃
    Pingyao /kʌʔ⁵³/ ～桃
    /kʰʌʔ¹³/ 審～
    Hohhot /xaʔ⁴³/ ～算
    /xu³¹/ 棗～子
    Wu Shanghai /ɦəʔ¹/
    /ŋəʔ¹/
    /ɦuəʔ¹/
    Suzhou /ŋəʔ³/
    Hangzhou /ɦɑʔ²/
    Wenzhou /jy²¹³/
    Hui Shexian /xɛʔ²¹/ ～對
    /xɛ²²/ 山～桃
    Tunxi /xə¹¹/
    /uən²⁴/
    Xiang Changsha /xə²⁴/
    Xiangtan /hæ²⁴/
    Gan Nanchang /hɛʔ²/
    Hakka Meixian /hak̚⁵/
    Taoyuan /het̚²²/
    Cantonese Guangzhou /hɐt̚²/ ～對
    /wɐt̚²/ 桃～
    Nanning /wɐt̚²²/
    Hong Kong /hɐt̚²/ ～對
    /wɐt̚²/ 桃～
    Min Xiamen (Hokkien) /hik̚⁵/
    Fuzhou (Eastern Min) /houʔ⁵/
    Jian'ou (Northern Min) /xo⁴⁴/ 名
    /xɛ²⁴/ 動
    Shantou (Teochew) /hek̚²/
    /huk̚⁵/
    Haikou (Hainanese) /hut̚⁵/
    Rime
    Character 核
    Reading # 1/1
    Initial (聲) 匣 (33)
    Final (韻) 麥 (119)
    Tone (調) Checked (Ø)
    Openness (開合) Open
    Division (等) II
    Fanqie 下革切
    Baxter heak
    Reconstructions
    Zhengzhang
    Shangfang         		/ɦˠɛk̚/
    Pan
    Wuyun         		/ɦᵚæk̚/
    Shao
    Rongfen         		/ɣɐk̚/
    Edwin
    Pulleyblank         		/ɦəɨjk̚/
    Li
    Rong         		/ɣɛk̚/
    Wang
    Li         		/ɣæk̚/
    Bernhard
    Karlgren         		/ɣæk̚/
    Expected
    Mandarin
    Reflex         		hé
    Expected
    Cantonese
    Reflex         		hak6
    Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
    Character 核
    Reading # 1/1
    Modern
    Beijing
    (Pinyin)         		hé
    Middle
    Chinese         		‹ hɛk ›
    Old
    Chinese         		/*[ɡ]ˁ<r>ək/
    English kernel fruit; scrutinize

    Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

    * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
    * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
    * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
    * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

    * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
    Zhengzhang system (2003)
    Character 核
    Reading # 2/2
    No. 4843
    Phonetic
    component         		亥
    Rime
    group         		職
    Rime
    subdivision         		0
    Corresponding
    MC rime         		覈
    Old
    Chinese         		/*ɡrɯːɡ/
    Definitions

    核

    1. to examine; to check; to verify
    2. rigorous; detailed; reliable
    Usage notes

    Compounds

    Etymology 2

    simp. and trad.
    		 核

    Pronunciation

    Definitions

    核

    1. a kind of tree
    2. alternative form of 荄 (gāi)

    Etymology 3

    simp. and trad.
    		 核

    Pronunciation

    Definitions

    核

    1. eaves of a house

    References

    Japanese

    Kanji

    核

    (Jōyō kanji)

    Readings

    • Go-on: ぎゃく (gyaku)
    • Kan-on: かく (kaku, Jōyō)
    • Kun: さね (sane, 核)

    Compounds

    Etymology 1

    Kanji in this term
    核
    かく
    Grade: S
    kan'on

    From Middle Chinese 核 (MC heak).

    Pronunciation

    Noun

    核(かく) • (kaku) 

    1. atomic nucleus
    2. (algebra) kernel
    3. (astronomy) core, nucleus
    4. cell nucleus

    Synonyms

    Etymology 2

    Kanji in this term
    核
    さね
    Grade: S
    kun'yomi
    For pronunciation and definitions of 核 – see the following entry.
    【実さね】3
    [noun] seed; stone; pit
    [noun] (archaic) core; root; essence
    [noun] (woodworking) tongue (projecting part on a board meant to fit into a groove on another board, as in tongue and groove)
    [noun] clitoris
    [proper noun] a surname
    (This term, 核, is an alternative spelling of the above term.)

    References

    1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

    Korean

    Hanja

    核 • (haek, hol) (hangeul 핵, 홀, revised haek, hol, McCune–Reischauer haek, hol, Yale hayk, hol)

    1. (atomic) nucleus

    Vietnamese

    Han character

    核: Hán Nôm readings: hạch

    1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

    References

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