百姓

Earliest attested in the Zhou dynasty's texts (also written as 百生 (bǎixìng ~ bǎishēng) on some bronze inscriptions);^[1] further linked to the expression 多生 (duōshēng) on the oracle bone inscriptions.^[2]

(Can we verify⁽⁺⁾ this pronunciation?) (particularly: Mandarin "bóxìng" (literary varient?))

百姓

1. the common people; the masses; ordinary citizens

   愚昧百姓  ―  yúmèi bǎixìng  ―  to keep the common people in the dark

   • 群黎百姓、徧為爾德。 [Pre-Classical Chinese, trad.]
     群黎百姓、徧为尔德。 [Pre-Classical Chinese, simp.]

     From: The Classic of Poetry, c. 11^th – 7^th centuries BCE, translated based on James Legge's version

     Qúnlí bǎixìng, biàn wéi ěr dé. [Pinyin]

     The black-haired populace – the hundred clans – universally practise your virtue.

   • 憂心如酲、誰秉國成？不自為政、卒勞百姓。 [Pre-Classical Chinese, trad.]
     忧心如酲、谁秉国成？不自为政、卒劳百姓。 [Pre-Classical Chinese, simp.]

     From: The Classic of Poetry, c. 11^th – 7^th centuries BCE, translated based on James Legge's version

     Yōuxīn rú chéng, shéi bǐng guóchéng? Bù zì wéizhèng, zú láo bǎixìng. [Pinyin]

     My heart grieves, as though drunken; who's presiding over the state's ordering? (The king) himself governs not, and ends up wearing out the hundred clans.

   • 奴才替天下百姓感激皇太后恩典！ [MSC, trad. and simp.]

     From: The Firmament of the Pleiades

     Núcái tì tiānxià bǎixìng gǎnjī huángtàihòu ēndiǎn! [Pinyin]

     I, on behalf of the people throughout the world, [hereby] express my gratitude for the kindness of the empress dowager!

2. (obsolete, Classical) all kinds of government officials

   • 九族既睦，平章百姓。 [Traditional Chinese poetry, trad. and simp.]

     From: The Book of Documents, circa 4^th – 3^rd century BCE

     Jiǔzú jì mù, píngzhāng bǎixìng. [Pinyin]

     The nine family branches were then close kin; the [nobles officials of the] hundred surnames were made even and distinguished.

   • 一人刑善，百姓休和。可不務乎？ [Traditional Chinese poetry, trad.]
     一人刑善，百姓休和。可不务乎？ [Traditional Chinese poetry, simp.]

     From: Commentary of Zuo, c. 4^th century BCE, translation from Zuozhuan: Commentary on the "Spring and Autumn Annals" (2017), by Stephen Durrant, Wai-yee Li and David Schaberg

     Yīrén xíng shàn, bǎixìng xiūhé. Kě bù wù hū? [Pinyin]

     One person took the good as model, and there was calm and harmony among the hundred clans. Can one do anything other than strive for it?

• (common people):

• (all kinds of government officials):

Others:

• → Vietnamese: trăm họ (calque)
• → Zhuang: beksingq

From Middle Chinese compound 百姓 (paek sjeng^H, literally “hundred clans”). Compare modern Hakka 百姓 (pak-siang).^[1]

The goon reading, so likely an earlier borrowing.

First cited to the 続日本紀 (Shoku Nihongi) in a portion dated to 701 CE.^[1]

• (Tokyo) ひゃくしょー [hyàkúshóꜜò] (Nakadaka – [3])^[2]
• IPA^(key): [ça̠kɯ̟̊ɕo̞ː]

百(ひゃく)姓(しょう) • (hyakushō) ^{←ひやくしやう (fyakusyau)?}

1. [from circa 1120] (historical or derogatory) a farmer; a peasant; the peasantry in general

   Synonyms: 農民, 農家

   きさま、百(ひゃく)姓(しょう)の生(う)まれだな？

   Kisama, hyakushō no umare da na?

   You are from a peasant family, aren't you?

   1. [1731] (derogatory) country bumpkin
   2. [from 1759] (historical) in reference to the Edo period, short for 本百姓 (honbyakushō, “the hundred commoner families”, a class of farmers with specific rights and responsibilities)
2. [from 701] (archaic) commoners, the common people; the masses; ordinary citizens

   Synonyms: 公民, 民衆

• (the people): 大御宝(おおみたから) (ōmitakara) (poetic)
• (bumpkin): 田舎者(いなかもの) (inakamono)

百(ひゃく)姓(しょう)する • (hyakushō suru) ^{←ひやくしやう (fyakusyau)?}suru (stem 百(ひゃく)姓(しょう)し (hyakushō shi), past 百(ひゃく)姓(しょう)した (hyakushō shita))

1. [from 1906] to farm, to till the fields

Kan'on reading of both characters, influenced by later borrowing from Middle Chinese.^[1]

Cited to the mid-Muromachi period, roughly the 1400s.^[1]

• IPA^(key): [ha̠kɯ̟se̞ː]

百(はく)姓(せい) • (hakusei) 

1. [from the 1400s] (rare) See under Etymology 1

Kan'on reading of the second character, influenced by later borrowing from Middle Chinese.^[1]

First cited to a text from 1776.^[1]

• (Tokyo) ひゃくせー [hyàkúséé] (Heiban – [0])^[3]
• IPA^(key): [ça̠kɯ̟se̞ː]

百(ひゃく)姓(せい) • (hyakusei) ^{←ひやくせい (fyakusei)?}

1. [1776] (rare) See under Etymology 1

Non-palatalized variant of hyakushō reading, commonly found in writings from the Heian period through the Muromachi period.^[1]

First cited to the Utsubo Monogatari of roughly 999 CE.^[1]

• IPA^(key): [ça̠kɯ̟so̞ː]

百(ひゃく)姓(そう) • (hyakusō) ^{←ひやくさう (fyakusau)?}

1. [from 999] (obsolete) See under Etymology 1

百姓 • (baekseong) (hangeul 백성)

1. hanja form^? of 백성 (“The populace; the common people”)

百姓

1. chữ Hán form of bá tánh (“the commoners; the common folk; the citizens”)