葛藤

Chinese

		coarse grass linen	rattan; cane
trad. (葛藤)		葛	藤
simp. ^#(葛藤)		葛	藤

Etymology

figurative sense: From the tendency of the vines of kudzu and rattan to become entangled.

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): géténg

(Zhuyin): ㄍㄜˊ ㄊㄥˊ
Cantonese (Jyutping): got³ tang⁴
Hakka (Sixian, PFS): kot-thèn
Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): koah-tîn

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: géténg
  - Zhuyin: ㄍㄜˊ ㄊㄥˊ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: géténg
  - Wade–Giles: ko²-tʻêng²
  - Yale: gé-téng
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: gerterng
  - Palladius: гэтэн (gɛtɛn)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kɤ³⁵ tʰɤŋ³⁵/

Note: Often mispronounced as gěténg.

Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
  - Jyutping: got³ tang⁴
  - Yale: got tàhng
  - Cantonese Pinyin: got⁸ tang⁴
  - Guangdong Romanization: god³ teng⁴
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kɔːt̚³ tʰɐŋ²¹/
Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: kot-thèn
  - Hakka Romanization System: god^ˋ ten^ˇ
  - Hagfa Pinyim: god⁵ ten²
  - Sinological IPA: /kot̚² tʰen¹¹/
Southern Min
- (Hokkien)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: koah-tîn
  - Tâi-lô: kuah-tîn
  - Phofsit Daibuun: koahdiin
  - IPA (Xiamen): /kua(ʔ)³²⁻⁵³ tin²⁴/
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /kua(ʔ)⁵ tin²⁴/
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /kua(ʔ)³²⁻⁵³ tin¹³/
  - IPA (Taipei): /kua(ʔ)³²⁻⁵³ tin²⁴/
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /kua(ʔ)³²⁻⁴¹ tin²³/

Middle Chinese: kat dong

Rime
Character	葛	藤
Reading #	1/1	1/1
Initial (聲)	見 (28)	定 (7)
Final (韻)	曷 (63)	登 (129)
Tone (調)	Checked (Ø)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open	Open
Division (等)	I	I
Fanqie	古達切	徒登切
Baxter	kat	dong
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/kɑt̚/	/dəŋ/
Pan Wuyun	/kɑt̚/	/dəŋ/
Shao Rongfen	/kɑt̚/	/dəŋ/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/kat̚/	/dəŋ/
Li Rong	/kɑt̚/	/dəŋ/
Wang Li	/kɑt̚/	/dəŋ/
Bernhard Karlgren	/kɑt̚/	/dʱəŋ/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	ge	téng
Expected Cantonese Reflex	got³	tang⁴

Noun

葛藤

kudzu plant
(figurative, literary) complicated relationships; complications
- 前一種人真是一把「刀」，一把軋乱麻的快刀！什麼糾紛，什麼葛藤，到了他手裡，都是一刀兩斷。 [MSC, trad.]
  前一种人真是一把「刀」，一把轧乱麻的快刀！什么纠纷，什么葛藤，到了他手里，都是一刀两断。 [MSC, simp.]
  From: 1925 June 9, Zhu Ziqing, 《山野掇拾》
  Qián yī zhǒng rén zhēn shì yī bǎ “dāo”, yī bǎ yà luànmá de kuàidāo! Shénme jiūfēn, shénme gěténg, dào le tā shǒu lǐ, dōu shì yīdāoliǎngduàn. [Pinyin]
  (please add an English translation of this usage example)

Descendants

Sino-Xenic (葛藤):

→ Japanese: 葛藤(かっとう) (kattō)
→ Korean: 갈등(葛藤) (galdeung)
→ Vietnamese: cát đằng (葛藤)

Japanese

Etymology 1

Kanji in this term
葛	藤
かつ > かっ Grade: S	とう Grade: S
on'yomi

From the tendency of the vines of 葛(かずら) (kazura, “creeper”) or 藤(ふじ) (fuji, “wisteria”) to become entangled.

Pronunciation

(Tokyo) かっとー [kàttóó] (Heiban – [0])
IPA^(key): [ka̠t̚to̞ː]

Noun

葛(かっ)藤(とう) • (kattō)

conflict, complications
- 2012 March 30, mothy [mothy], “針音ノ時計塔 [Handbeat Clocktower]”‎^{niconico VocaDB} ft. KAITO [KAITO] and 歌愛ユキ:
  
  時(じ)間(かん)と葛(かっ)藤(とう)を心(こころ)に刻(きざ)みつける
  Jikan to kattō o kokoro ni kizamitsukeru
  Time and conflict, they strongly etch onto my heart

Verb

葛(かっ)藤(とう)する • (kattō suru) transitive suru (stem 葛(かっ)藤(とう)し (kattō shi), past 葛(かっ)藤(とう)した (kattō shita))

to battle with

Conjugation

Conjugation of "葛藤する" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs)

Katsuyōkei ("stem forms")
Mizenkei ("imperfective")	葛藤し	かっとうし	kattō shi
Ren’yōkei ("continuative")	葛藤し	かっとうし	kattō shi
Shūshikei ("terminal")	葛藤する	かっとうする	kattō suru
Rentaikei ("attributive")	葛藤する	かっとうする	kattō suru
Kateikei ("hypothetical")	葛藤すれ	かっとうすれ	kattō sure
Meireikei ("imperative")	葛藤せよ¹ 葛藤しろ²	かっとうせよ¹ かっとうしろ²	kattō seyo¹ kattō shiro²
Key constructions
Passive	葛藤される	かっとうされる	kattō sareru
Causative	葛藤させる葛藤さす	かっとうさせるかっとうさす	kattō saseru kattō sasu
Potential	葛藤できる	かっとうできる	kattō dekiru
Volitional	葛藤しよう	かっとうしよう	kattō shiyō
Negative	葛藤しない	かっとうしない	kattō shinai
Negative continuative	葛藤せず	かっとうせず	kattō sezu
Formal	葛藤します	かっとうします	kattō shimasu
Perfective	葛藤した	かっとうした	kattō shita
Conjunctive	葛藤して	かっとうして	kattō shite
Hypothetical conditional	葛藤すれば	かっとうすれば	kattō sureba
¹ Written imperative ² Spoken imperative

Etymology 2

Kanji in this term
葛	藤
つづら Grade: S	ふじ Grade: S
kun'yomi

Pronunciation

(Tokyo) つづらふじ [tsùzúráꜜfùjì] (Nakadaka – [3])
IPA^(key): [t͡sɨzɨɾa̠ɸɯ̟ʑi]

Noun

葛(つづら)藤(ふじ) or 葛藤(ツヅラフジ) • (tsuzurafuji)

synonym of 大葛藤 (“Chinese moonseed, Sinomenium acutum”)

Usage notes

As with many terms that name organisms, this term is often spelled in katakana, especially in biological contexts (where katakana is customary).

Derived terms

青葛藤(あおつづらふじ) (aotsuzurafuji)
大葛藤(おおつづらふじ) (ōtsuzurafuji)

Korean

Hanja in this term
葛	藤

Noun

葛藤 • (galdeung) (hangeul 갈등)

hanja form^? of 갈등 (“discord, conflict”)

Vietnamese

chữ Hán Nôm in this term
葛	藤

Noun

葛藤

chữ Hán form of cát đằng (“thunbergia”)