Translingual
In simplified and traditional Chinese, the 目 component is connected to the horizontal line below it (as seen in the Kangxi dictionary) whereas, in Japanese and Korean, 目 is separate from that line.
Han character
真 (Kangxi radical 109, 目+5, 10 strokes, cangjie input 十月一金 (JBMC), four-corner 40801, composition ⿱十具)
Usage notes
The Kangxi dictionary considers 真 as an unorthodox form (俗字) of 眞. However, the traditional Kangxi form 眞 with 匕 on top is rarely used nowadays. In modern times, 真 is considered the orthodox form in all regions except South Korea.
Derived characters
- 傎, 㐤, 嗔, 填, 嫃, 嵮, 㣀, 慎, 搷, 滇, 𤠶, 槙, 𤛇, 瑱, 禛, 䐜, 瞋, 磌, 稹, 𧜖, 縝(缜), 謓, 蹎, 䡩(𫟥), 鎮(镇), 𢅬, 𩝻, 黰, 齻(𱌺)
- 㒹, 顛(颠), 鷏(𱊚), 寘, 蒖, 窴, 䈯, 鬒, 厧, 瘨, 㥲, 𮧼, 闐(阗), 衠
Further reading
- Kangxi Dictionary: page 805, character 1
- Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 23236
- Dae Jaweon: page 1221, character 1
- Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 249, character 7
- Unihan data for U+771F
Chinese
Glyph origin
Characters in the same phonetic series () (Zhengzhang, 2003)
|
Old Chinese
|
寘
|
*tjels
|
䡩
|
*kʰriːn
|
黰
|
*ʔriːn, *ʔljinʔ
|
顛
|
*tiːn, *tʰiːns
|
滇
|
*tiːn, *tʰiːns, *diːn
|
齻
|
*tiːn
|
槙
|
*tiːn, *tjinʔ
|
瘨
|
*tiːn
|
傎
|
*tiːn
|
蹎
|
*tiːn
|
厧
|
*tiːn
|
巔
|
*tiːn
|
癲
|
*tiːn
|
瑱
|
*tʰiːns, *tins
|
填
|
*diːn, *diːns, *tin, *tins
|
窴
|
*diːn, *diːns
|
闐
|
*diːn, *diːns
|
磌
|
*diːn, *tjin
|
鷏
|
*diːn
|
嗔
|
*diːn, *tʰjin
|
搷
|
*diːn
|
鎮
|
*tin, *tins
|
縝
|
*tʰin, *ʔljinʔ, *tʰjin
|
真
|
*ʔljin
|
禛
|
*tjin
|
稹
|
*ʔljin, *ʔljinʔ
|
蒖
|
*tjin
|
鬒
|
*ʔljinʔ
|
瞋
|
*tʰjin
|
謓
|
*tʰjin
|
慎
|
*djins
|
Originally phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *ʔljin): phonetic 𠂈 (OC *l'ɯːnʔ) + semantic 貝 (“cowry”); 𠂈 (a knife or dagger) was then a phonetic component. Often 丁 (OC *rteːŋ, *teːŋ) (a nail) was added as a second phonetic component at the bottom; originally, it appeared as a black dot. He Linyi posits it to be the original character for 珍 (OC *ʔl'ɯn, “rare; valuable”).
The sound component 𠂈 corrupted into 十 in the modern form, and into 匕 in the orthodox seal script form 眞. The bottom of the character in both forms derives from the components 貝 and 丁 corrupting into 目 and 丌.
Etymology
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan; cognate with Tibetan བདེན (bden, “true; truth”). Possibly connected with 貞 (OC *teŋ) (Schuessler, 2007).
Pronunciation
- Mandarin
- (Standard)
- (Pinyin): zhēn (zhen1)
- (Zhuyin): ㄓㄣ
- (Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): zen1
- (Xi'an, Guanzhong Pinyin): zhěn
- (Dungan, Cyrillic and Wiktionary): җын (žɨn, I)
- Cantonese
- (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): zan1
- (Dongguan, Jyutping++): zan1
- (Taishan, Wiktionary): zin1
- Gan (Wiktionary): ziin1
- Hakka
- (Sixian, PFS): chṳ̂n
- (Hailu, HRS): zhinˋ
- (Meixian, Guangdong): zen1
- Jin (Wiktionary): zeng1
- Northern Min (KCR): céng
- Eastern Min (BUC): cĭng
- Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): zeng1 / zing1
- Southern Min
- (Hokkien, POJ): chin
- (Teochew, Peng'im): zing1 / zêng1
- (Leizhou, Leizhou Pinyin): jieng1
- Southern Pinghua (Nanning, Jyutping++): zen1
- Wu (Wugniu)
- Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): zhen1
Note:
- zeng1 - vernacular;
- zing1 - literary.
Note: zêng1 - Jieyang, Pontianak.
Note:
- Ningbo:
- 1cin - literary;
- 1tsyun - vernacular (used in 頂真/顶真);.
- Xiang
- (Changsha)
- Wiktionary: zhen1
- Sinological IPA (key) (old-style): /ʈ͡ʂən³³/
- Sinological IPA (key) (new-style): /t͡sən³³/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
|
Character
|
真
|
Reading #
|
1/1
|
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)
|
zhēn
|
Middle Chinese
|
‹ tsyin ›
|
Old Chinese
|
/*ti[n]/
|
English
|
true, real
|
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:
* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;
* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
|
Definitions
真
- true; genuine; real; actual
那不是真鑽石項鏈,是假的! [MSC, trad.]
那不是真钻石项链,是假的! [MSC, simp.]- Nà bù shì zhēn zuànshí xiàngliàn, shì jiǎ de! [Pinyin]
- That's not a real diamond necklace, it's just a fake!
那些是真鑽石還是贗品? [MSC, trad.]
那些是真钻石还是赝品? [MSC, simp.]- Nàxiē shì zhēn zuànshí háishì yànpǐn? [Pinyin]
- Are those real diamonds or only shams?
- clear; distinct; sharp
- really; truly; very; quite
- 今天真熱。/今天真热。 ― Jīntiān zhēn rè. ― It's so hot today.
那些演員真了不起。 [MSC, trad.]
那些演员真了不起。 [MSC, simp.]- nà xiē yǎnyuán zhēn liǎobuqǐ [Pinyin]
- Those actors are really great.
- 真的嗎?/真的吗? ― Zhēn de ma? ― Really?
- portrait; image
- natural disposition
- (Chinese calligraphy) short for 真書/真书 (zhēnshū, “regular script”)
- (~日) (telegraphy) the eleventh day of a month
- a surname
- 真德秀 ― Zhēn Déxiù ― Zhen Dexiu (a Song dynasty scholar)
Synonyms
Dialectal synonyms of
很 (“very”)
[map]
Variety
|
Location
|
Words
|
Classical Chinese
|
甚, 孔
|
Formal (Written Standard Chinese)
|
很, 非常, 十分
|
Northeastern Mandarin
|
Beijing
|
挺, 很, 倍兒, 怪
|
Taiwan
|
很, 好, 非常, 超, 蠻, 超級
|
Malaysia
|
很
|
Singapore
|
很, 蠻, 非常
|
Jilu Mandarin
|
Tianjin
|
挺, 很, 傻, 老, 倍兒, 齁兒
|
Jinan
|
挺, 楞
|
Central Plains Mandarin
|
Xi'an
|
很
|
Southwestern Mandarin
|
Chengdu
|
很, 好
|
Chongqing
|
很
|
Wuhan
|
蠻, 很
|
Jianghuai Mandarin
|
Yangzhou
|
蠻, 稀, 很
|
Hefei
|
很
|
Cantonese
|
Guangzhou
|
好, 非常之
|
Hong Kong
|
好, 非常, 非常之, 超, 勁, 十分之, 無敵
|
Zhongshan (Shiqi)
|
好
|
Taishan
|
好, 十分之
|
Yangjiang
|
好
|
Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu)
|
好
|
Singapore (Guangfu)
|
好, 非常之, 非常
|
Gan
|
Nanchang
|
蠻
|
Hakka
|
Meixian
|
好, 刮, 已, 還, 異, 還 exclamation
|
Huidong (Daling)
|
好
|
Wuhua (Meilin)
|
好
|
Shaoguan (Qujiang)
|
頂
|
Lianshan (Xiaosanjiang)
|
好
|
Changting
|
野
|
Wuping (Pingyu)
|
已, 刮
|
Liancheng
|
樣
|
Ninghua
|
好
|
Ruijin
|
蠻
|
Shicheng
|
蠻
|
Shangyou (Shexi)
|
蠻
|
Miaoli (N. Sixian)
|
當, 已, 還
|
Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian)
|
蓋, 盡, 還
|
Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu)
|
當, 盡, 已, 還
|
Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu)
|
當, 已, 還
|
Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping)
|
當, 已, 還
|
Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an)
|
足, 真, 實在
|
Hong Kong
|
好
|
Sabah (Bao'an)
|
好
|
Kuching (Hepo)
|
很
|
Singapore (Dabu)
|
好
|
Jin
|
Taiyuan
|
很, 挺
|
Northern Min
|
Jian'ou
|
盡
|
Eastern Min
|
Fuzhou
|
野, 真
|
Singapore (Fuqing)
|
真
|
Sitiawan (Gutian)
|
真
|
Southern Min
|
Xiamen
|
真, 野, 誠, 有夠, 萬代, 死人, 非常, 真正, 設汰, 一
|
Xiamen (Tong'an)
|
真
|
Quanzhou
|
真, 野, 誠, 有夠, 萬代, 死人, 設汰
|
Jinjiang
|
野, 萬代
|
Zhangzhou
|
盡, 蓋, 足, 足範, 有夠, 出奇, 極死, 見死, 死了了, 死人, 設汰, 設汰仔
|
Zhao'an
|
很, 真, 死絕, 好, 非常
|
Dongshan
|
真, 非常
|
Taipei
|
真, 誠
|
New Taipei (Sanxia)
|
真, 誠
|
Kaohsiung
|
有夠, 足, 真, 誠, 蓋
|
Yilan
|
有夠, 足, 誠, 盡
|
Changhua (Lukang)
|
真, 誠
|
Taichung
|
誠, 蓋, 足
|
Tainan
|
有夠, 足, 真, 誠, 蓋
|
Hsinchu
|
真, 誠
|
Kinmen
|
足, 誠
|
Penghu (Magong)
|
真, 誠
|
Penang (Hokkien)
|
真, 誠, 真正
|
Singapore (Hokkien)
|
真, 死爸, 真正, 誠, 足, 有夠
|
Manila (Hokkien)
|
野, 真, 萬代, 真誠, 誠, 有夠
|
Medan (Hokkien)
|
按呢, 真, 誠, 真正
|
Chaozhou
|
過, 好, 非常, 死爸
|
Shantou
|
過, 鐵, 好, 很, 死爸, 死絕
|
Shantou (Chenghai)
|
好, 死絕
|
Shantou (Chaoyang)
|
好, 非常
|
Jieyang
|
過, 好, 死爸, 死絕
|
Bangkok (Teochew)
|
好
|
Johor Bahru (Teochew)
|
好
|
Singapore (Teochew)
|
真, 死爸, 非常
|
Wenchang
|
極, 但顧, 真
|
Haikou
|
但顧
|
Qionghai
|
但顧, 真
|
Singapore (Hainanese)
|
但顧, 真
|
Zhongshan Min
|
Zhongshan (Longdu, Shaxi)
|
好, 蠻
|
Wu
|
Shanghai
|
蠻, 老, 邪氣, 老老, 瞎, 絕, 十分, 十二萬分, 非常, 非常之, 畢, 畢畢, 來得, 來得個, 煞, 交關, 十二分 rare, 窮 dated, 野 dated, 邪 dated
|
Suzhou
|
蠻, 窮
|
Hangzhou
|
蠻, 交關, 木佬佬, 冒
|
Ningbo
|
交關, 蠻, 堪, 𣍐好, 𣍐派, 甮派, 出格, 木牢牢 rare, 猛 rare
|
Zhoushan
|
交關, 蠻, 猛, 堪, 出格, 木牢牢 rare
|
Wenzhou
|
蠻, 蒙, 顯
|
Xiang
|
Changsha
|
很, 蠻
|
Shuangfeng
|
蠻
|
Descendants
Others:
- → Lao: ຈິງ (ching)
- → Proto-Turkic: *čïn (see there for further descendants)
- → Thai: จริง (jing)
Compounds
Further reading
Japanese
Kanji
真
(Third grade kyōiku kanji, shinjitai kanji, kyūjitai form 眞)
- truth
- reality
- sincerity
- naturalness
- regular script
Readings
Compounds
Etymology 1
Kanji in this term
|
真
|
しん Grade: 3
|
on'yomi
|
Alternative spelling
|
眞 (kyūjitai)
|
From Middle Chinese 真 (MC tsyin).
Pronunciation
Noun
真 • (shin)
- truth, reality
Derived terms
Idioms
- 真に迫る (shin ni semaru)
Affix
真 • (shin)
- truth, reality, genuineness
- natural, pristine
- complete, wholly
- regular script (楷書, kaisho)
- (logic) a true statement
- Antonym: 偽 (gi)
Derived terms
Proper noun
真 • (Shin)
- a surname
- a male or female given name
Etymology 2
Kanji in this term
|
真
|
ま Grade: 3
|
kun'yomi
|
Alternative spelling
|
眞 (kyūjitai)
|
For pronunciation and definitions of 真 – see the following entry.
|
【ま】
|
- [noun] [from 712] the truth, reality, genuineness
- [prefix] [from 720] real, genuine
- [prefix] [from 759] pure, unadulterated
- [prefix] [from 1595] definitely, certainly, exactly, precisely, directly
- [prefix] [date unknown] true, real, main (appended to words for animals or plants to indicate the representative type)
- [prefix] [from 759] (archaic, possibly obsolete, honorific) great, excellent
|
|
(This term, 真, is an alternative spelling of the above term.)
|
Etymology 3
Kanji in this term
|
真
|
まこと Grade: 3
|
kun'yomi
|
Alternative spelling
|
眞 (kyūjitai)
|
For pronunciation and definitions of 真 – see the following entry.
|
|
(This term, 真, is an alternative spelling of the above term.)
|
Etymology 4
Kanji in this term
|
真
|
あつし Grade: 3
|
nanori
|
Alternative spelling
|
眞 (kyūjitai)
|
From classical adjective 厚し (atsushi), modern 厚い (atsui, “thick, heavy; kind, warm”).
Pronunciation
Proper noun
真 • (Atsushi)
- a male given name
Etymology 5
Kanji in this term
|
真
|
ただし Grade: 3
|
nanori
|
Alternative spelling
|
眞 (kyūjitai)
|
From classical adjective 正し (tadashi), modern 正しい (tadashii, “correct, right, true”).
Pronunciation
Proper noun
真 or 真 • (Tadashi)
- a male given name
Etymology 6
Kanji in this term
|
真
|
まさし Grade: 3
|
nanori
|
Alternative spelling
|
眞 (kyūjitai)
|
From classical adjective 正し (masashi, “accurate, authentic, correct”).
Pronunciation
Proper noun
真 • (Masashi)
- a male given name
References
- ^ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
- ^ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN
- ^ Kindaichi, Kyōsuke et al., editors (1997), 新明解国語辞典 [Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten] (in Japanese), Fifth edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
Korean
Hanja
Wikisource
真 (eumhun 참 진 (cham jin))
- alternative form of 眞
References
- Zonmal.com Hanja Dictionary (존말닷컴 한자사전/漢字辭典) (2002-2005). [2]
Vietnamese
Han character
真: Hán Nôm readings: chân, chan, chang, sân
- chữ Hán form of chân (“truth”)
Compounds