Swahili
Etymology
From -enda (“to go”) + -esha (causative affix). Cognate with Chichewa -yendetsa, Tumbuka -yendeska and Yao -jendesya.
Pronunciation
Verb
-endesha (infinitive kuendesha)
- Causative form of -enda: to drive (operate a motor vehicle), to ride (to ride a horse)
- kuendesha gari ― to drive a car
- kuendesha baiskeli ― to ride a bicycle
- kuendesha farasi ― to ride a horse
- to manage
- to pressurize
- (medicine) to have diarrhea
Conjugation
| Conjugation of -endesha
|
| Positive present
|
-naendesha
|
| Subjunctive
|
-endeshe
|
| Negative
|
-endeshi
|
| Imperative singular
|
endesha
|
|
| Infinitives
|
|
|
| Imperatives
|
| Singular
|
endesha
|
| Plural
|
endesheni
|
|
| Tensed forms
|
| Habitual
|
huendesha
|
| Positive past
|
positive subject concord + -liendesha
|
| Negative past
|
negative subject concord + -kuendesha
|
|
| Positive present (positive subject concord + -naendesha)
|
|
|
Singular
|
Plural
|
| 1st person
|
ninaendesha/naendesha
|
tunaendesha
|
| 2nd person
|
unaendesha
|
mnaendesha
|
| 3rd person
|
m-wa(I/II)
|
anaendesha
|
wanaendesha
|
| other classes
|
positive subject concord + -naendesha
|
|
| Negative present (negative subject concord + -endeshi)
|
|
|
Singular
|
Plural
|
| 1st person
|
siendeshi
|
hatuendeshi
|
| 2nd person
|
huendeshi
|
hamwendeshi
|
| 3rd person
|
m-wa(I/II)
|
haendeshi
|
hawaendeshi
|
| other classes
|
negative subject concord + -endeshi
|
|
| Positive future
|
positive subject concord + -taendesha
|
| Negative future
|
negative subject concord + -taendesha
|
|
| Positive subjunctive (positive subject concord + -endeshe)
|
|
|
Singular
|
Plural
|
| 1st person
|
niendeshe
|
tuendeshe
|
| 2nd person
|
uendeshe
|
mwendeshe
|
| 3rd person
|
m-wa(I/II)
|
aendeshe
|
waendeshe
|
| other classes
|
positive subject concord + -endeshe
|
|
| Negative subjunctive
|
positive subject concord + -siendeshe
|
| Positive present conditional
|
positive subject concord + -ngeendesha
|
| Negative present conditional
|
positive subject concord + -singeendesha
|
| Positive past conditional
|
positive subject concord + -ngaliendesha
|
| Negative past conditional
|
positive subject concord + -singaliendesha
|
|
| Gnomic (positive subject concord + -aendesha)
|
|
|
Singular
|
Plural
|
| 1st person
|
naendesha
|
twaendesha
|
| 2nd person
|
waendesha
|
mwaendesha
|
| 3rd person
|
m-wa(I/II)
|
aendesha
|
waendesha
|
| m-mi(III/IV)
|
waendesha
|
yaendesha
|
| ji-ma(V/VI)
|
laendesha
|
yaendesha
|
| ki-vi(VII/VIII)
|
chaendesha
|
vyaendesha
|
| n(IX/X)
|
yaendesha
|
zaendesha
|
| u(XI)
|
waendesha
|
see n(X) or ma(VI) class
|
| ku(XV/XVII)
|
kwaendesha
|
|
| pa(XVI)
|
paendesha
|
|
| mu(XVIII)
|
mwaendesha
|
|
|
| Perfect
|
positive subject concord + -meendesha
|
| "Already"
|
positive subject concord + -meshaendesha
|
| "Not yet"
|
negative subject concord + -jaendesha
|
| "If/When"
|
positive subject concord + -kiendesha
|
| "If not"
|
positive subject concord + -sipoendesha
|
| Consecutive
|
kaendesha / positive subject concord + -kaendesha
|
| Consecutive subjunctive
|
positive subject concord + -kaendeshe
|
|
| Object concord (indicative positive)
|
|
|
Singular
|
Plural
|
| 1st person
|
-niendesha
|
-tuendesha
|
| 2nd person
|
-kuendesha
|
-waendesha/-kuendesheni/-waendesheni
|
| 3rd person
|
m-wa(I/II)
|
-mwendesha
|
-waendesha
|
| m-mi(III/IV)
|
-uendesha
|
-iendesha
|
| ji-ma(V/VI)
|
-liendesha
|
-yaendesha
|
| ki-vi(VII/VIII)
|
-kiendesha
|
-viendesha
|
| n(IX/X)
|
-iendesha
|
-ziendesha
|
| u(XI)
|
-uendesha
|
see n(X) or ma(VI) class
|
| ku(XV/XVII)
|
-kuendesha
|
|
| pa(XVI)
|
-paendesha
|
|
| mu(XVIII)
|
-muendesha
|
|
| Reflexive
|
-jiendesha
|
|
| Relative forms
|
| General positive (positive subject concord + (object concord) + -endesha- + relative marker)
|
|
|
Singular
|
Plural
|
| m-wa(I/II)
|
-endeshaye
|
-endeshao
|
| m-mi(III/IV)
|
-endeshao
|
-endeshayo
|
| ji-ma(V/VI)
|
-endeshalo
|
-endeshayo
|
| ki-vi(VII/VIII)
|
-endeshacho
|
-endeshavyo
|
| n(IX/X)
|
-endeshayo
|
-endeshazo
|
| u(XI)
|
-endeshao
|
see n(X) or ma(VI) class
|
| ku(XV/XVII)
|
-endeshako
|
|
| pa(XVI)
|
-endeshapo
|
|
| mu(XVIII)
|
-endeshamo
|
|
|
| Other forms (subject concord + tense marker + relative marker + (object concord) + -endesha)
|
|
|
Singular
|
Plural
|
| m-wa(I/II)
|
-yeendesha
|
-oendesha
|
| m-mi(III/IV)
|
-oendesha
|
-yoendesha
|
| ji-ma(V/VI)
|
-loendesha
|
-yoendesha
|
| ki-vi(VII/VIII)
|
-choendesha
|
-vyoendesha
|
| n(IX/X)
|
-yoendesha
|
-zoendesha
|
| u(XI)
|
-oendesha
|
see n(X) or ma(VI) class
|
| ku(XV/XVII)
|
-koendesha
|
|
| pa(XVI)
|
-poendesha
|
|
| mu(XVIII)
|
-moendesha
|
|
|
|
| Some forms not commonly seen in modern Standard Swahili are absent from the table. See Appendix:Swahili verbs for more information.
|
Derived terms