μάγγανον

Ancient Greek

Etymology

Sanskrit मञ्जुल (mañjula, “charming, lovely”) and मङ्गल (maṅgala, “lucky charm, amulet, talisman”) have been proposed as cognates. Connection to the group of μάσσω (mássō, “to knead”) is unconvincing. Van Beek suggests a comparison with μηχανή (mēkhanḗ, “contrivance”); the pair of words shows prenasalization and interchange of γ and χ, which would be typical reflexes of a Pre-Greek word.^[1] However, these are typical Semitic variations, and if the movement patterns of a pulley or catapult are compared with that of a sickle, the Greek is easier derived as a borrowing from the family of Aramaic מַגְּלָא / ܡܓܠܐ (maggǝlā), Hebrew מַגָּל (maggā́l), Arabic مِنْجَل (minjal), words of transparent derivation meaning “sickle”. Reflexes of said family passed into Old Georgian მანგალი (mangali), Old Armenian մանգաղ (mangał), and formally and geographically remarkably Georgian and Mingrelian მაგანა (magana), still meaning sickle. The senses “philtre”, “charm” and “pulley block”, “bolt”, “catapult” may ultimately have different origins, however both are relatable due to the image of witchcraft being “cast”, like the charge of a catapult is warped or a sickle is rapped.

Pronunciation

(5^th BCE Attic) IPA^(key): /máŋ.ɡa.non/
(1^st CE Egyptian) IPA^(key): /ˈmaŋ.ɡa.non/
(4^th CE Koine) IPA^(key): /ˈmaŋ.ɡa.non/
(10^th CE Byzantine) IPA^(key): /ˈmaŋ.ɡa.non/
(15^th CE Constantinopolitan) IPA^(key): /ˈmaŋ.ɡa.non/

Noun

μάγγᾰνον • (mángănon) n (genitive μαγγᾰ́νου); second declension

philtre, charm, means for bewitching others
block of a pulley
bolt, iron peg
catapult, ballista, tormentum

Inflection

Second declension of τὸ μάγγᾰνον; τοῦ μαγγᾰ́νου (Attic)

Case / #	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	τὸ μάγγᾰνον tò mángănon	τὼ μαγγᾰ́νω tṑ mangắnō	τᾰ̀ μάγγᾰνᾰ tằ mángănă
Genitive	τοῦ μαγγᾰ́νου toû mangắnou	τοῖν μαγγᾰ́νοιν toîn mangắnoin	τῶν μαγγᾰ́νων tôn mangắnōn
Dative	τῷ μαγγᾰ́νῳ tōî mangắnōi	τοῖν μαγγᾰ́νοιν toîn mangắnoin	τοῖς μαγγᾰ́νοις toîs mangắnois
Accusative	τὸ μάγγᾰνον tò mángănon	τὼ μαγγᾰ́νω tṑ mangắnō	τᾰ̀ μάγγᾰνᾰ tằ mángănă
Vocative	μάγγᾰνον mángănon	μαγγᾰ́νω mangắnō	μάγγᾰνᾰ mángănă
Notes:	This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For declension in other dialects, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal declension.

Derived terms

μαγγανάριος (manganários)
μαγγανεία (manganeía)
μαγγάνευμα (mangáneuma)
μαγγανευτήριον (manganeutḗrion)
μαγγανευτής (manganeutḗs)
μαγγανευτικός (manganeutikós)
μαγγανεύτρια (manganeútria)
μαγγανεύω (manganeúō)
μαγγανικά (manganiká)

Descendants

Greek: μάγγανο (mángano), μάγκανο (mágkano)
→ Arabic: مَنْجَنُون (manjanūn), مَنْجَنِين (manjanīn)
→ Aramaic:
Jewish Palestinian Aramaic: מנגנ

Jewish Babylonian Aramaic: מַנְגְּנוּן (mangənūn), מַנְגְּנִין (mangənīn)

Classical Syriac: ܡܢܓܢܘܢ (mangānōn)
→ Middle Armenian: մանգանայ (manganay)
→ Old Armenian: մանգղիոն (mangłion), մանգղոն (mangłon)
→ Ge'ez: መንገን (mängän)
→ Georgian: მანგანა (mangana, “pincers (blacksmith); vice”)
→ Hebrew: מַנְגָּנוֹן (manganṓn)
→ Latin: manganum (plural mangana)
- → Middle High German: mange, mangel
  - German: Mange, Mangel
    - ⇒ German: mangeln
  - → Czech: mandl, mangl
    - ⇒ Czech: mandlovat
    - → Slovak: mangeľ
      - ⇒ Slovak: mangľovať, mangľovňa
  - → Middle Dutch: manghe, mangel
    - → English: mangle
      - → Romanian: mangăl
  - → Finnish: mankeli
  - → Middle Low German: mange
  - → Hungarian: mángorol
  - → Kashubian: mągla
    - ⇒ Kashubian: mąglovac, mąglac
  - → Polish: magiel, maglownica, maglarka, maglarz
    - → Ukrainian: ма́гель (máhelʹ), ма́голь (máholʹ), ма́гіль (máhilʹ), магельни́ца (mahelʹnýca), магля́рка (mahljárka), маглівни́ца (mahlivnýca)
      - ⇒ Ukrainian: маглюва́ти (mahljuváty)
    - ⇒ Polish: maglować
- → Italian: mangano
- Sicilian: mànganu, Mànganu
→⇒ Laz: მანგანა (mangana), წკარ-მანგანა (ǯǩar-mangana)
→ Ottoman Turkish: منگنه (mengene)
- Turkish: mengene
- → Armenian: մենկենե (menkene), մանգյանա (mangyana)
- → Bulgarian: ме́нгеме (méngeme)
- → Macedonian: менгеме (mengeme)
- → Persian: منگنه (mangane)
- → Romanian: menghină
- → Serbo-Croatian:
  Cyrillic script: ме̏нгеле, ме̑нгеле
  Latin script: mȅngele, mȇngele

References

^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “μάγγανον”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 887f