鞏

See also: 巩

鞏	U+978F, 鞏 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-978F

← 鞎
[U+978E]

CJK Unified Ideographs

鞐 →
[U+9790]

Translingual

Han character

鞏 (Kangxi radical 177, 革+6, 15 strokes, cangjie input 一弓廿中十 (MNTLJ), four-corner 1750₆, composition ⿱巩革)

References

Kangxi Dictionary: page 1387, character 28
Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 42819
Dae Jaweon: page 1902, character 9
Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 7, page 4333, character 4
Unihan data for U+978F

Chinese

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 鞏
Western Zhou	Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)
Bronze inscriptions	Small seal script

Characters in the same phonetic series (工) (Zhengzhang, 2003)

	Old Chinese
缸	kroːŋ, ɡroːŋ
篢	kluːmʔ, koːŋ
贑	*kluːmʔ
涳	ŋr'oːŋ, kʰroːŋ, *kʰoːŋ
江	*kroːŋ
肛	kroːŋ, qʰroːŋ
扛	*kroːŋ
杠	*kroːŋ
豇	*kroːŋ
茳	*kroːŋ
釭	kroːŋ, koːŋ, *kuːŋ
矼	*kroːŋ
玒	kroːŋ, koːŋ
虹	kroːŋs, koːŋs, *ɡoːŋ
腔	*kʰroːŋ
崆	kʰroːŋ, kʰoːŋ
羫	*kʰroːŋ
控	kʰroːŋ, kʰoːŋs
椌	kʰroːŋ, kʰoːŋ
悾	kʰroːŋ, kʰoːŋ, *kʰoːŋs
跫	kʰroːŋ, kʰoŋ, *ɡoŋ
啌	*qʰroːŋ
谾	qʰroːŋ, qʰoːŋ
舡	*qʰroːŋ
缻	*ɡroːŋ
項	*ɡroːŋʔ
屸	*ɡ·roːŋ
功	*koːŋ
工	*koːŋ
疘	*koːŋ
魟	koːŋ, qʰoːŋ, *ɡoːŋ
攻	koːŋ, kuːŋ
愩	*koːŋ
碽	*koːŋ
貢	*koːŋs
羾	*koːŋs
空	kʰoːŋ, kʰoːŋs
箜	*kʰoːŋ
硿	*kʰoːŋ
埪	*kʰoːŋ
鵼	*kʰoːŋ
倥	kʰoːŋ, kʰoːŋʔ, *kʰoːŋs
鞚	*kʰoːŋs
叿	*qʰoːŋ
嗊	*qʰoːŋʔ
訌	*ɡoːŋ
紅	*ɡoːŋ
仜	*ɡoːŋ
葒	*ɡoːŋ
渱	*ɡoːŋ
鴻	ɡoːŋ, ɡoːŋʔ
汞	*ɡoːŋʔ
澒	*ɡoːŋʔ
鞏	*koŋʔ
巩	*koŋʔ
銎	kʰoŋ, qʰoŋ
恐	kʰoŋʔ, kʰoŋs
蛩	*ɡoŋ
筇	*ɡoŋ
桏	*ɡoŋ
邛	*ɡoŋ

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *koŋʔ): phonetic 巩 (OC *koŋʔ) + semantic 革.

Etymology 1

trad.		鞏
simp.		巩^*
alternative forms		𩊳𠔣

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): gǒng (gong³)

(Zhuyin): ㄍㄨㄥˇ
Cantonese (Jyutping): gung²
Hakka
(Sixian, PFS): kiúng

(Hailu, HRS): giung^ˊ
Eastern Min (BUC): gṳ̄ng
Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): koeng³ / kyoeng³
Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): khióng / kióng
Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): ⁵kon

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: gǒng
  - Zhuyin: ㄍㄨㄥˇ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: gǒng
  - Wade–Giles: kung³
  - Yale: gǔng
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: goong
  - Palladius: гун (gun)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʊŋ²¹⁴/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
  - Jyutping: gung²
  - Yale: gúng
  - Cantonese Pinyin: gung²
  - Guangdong Romanization: gung²
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʊŋ³⁵/
Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: kiúng
  - Hakka Romanization System: giung^ˋ
  - Hagfa Pinyim: giung³
  - Sinological IPA: /ki̯uŋ³¹/
- (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
  - Hakka Romanization System: giung^ˊ
  - Sinological IPA: /kiuŋ²⁴/
Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
  - Bàng-uâ-cê: gṳ̄ng
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kyŋ³³/
Puxian Min
- (Putian)
  - Pouseng Ping'ing: koeng³
  - Báⁿ-uā-ci̍: kê̤ng
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʰœŋ⁴⁵³/
- (Xianyou)
  - Pouseng Ping'ing: kyoeng³
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʰyøŋ³³²/
Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: khióng
  - Tâi-lô: khióng
  - Phofsit Daibuun: qiorng
  - IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /kʰiɔŋ⁵³/
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /kʰiɔŋ⁵⁵⁴/
- (Hokkien: General Taiwanese)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kióng
  - Tâi-lô: kióng
  - Phofsit Daibuun: kiorng
  - IPA (Taipei): /kiɔŋ⁵³/
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /kiɔŋ⁴¹/
Wu
- (Northern: Shanghai)
  - Wugniu: ⁵kon
  - MiniDict: kon^去
  - Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): ²kon
  - Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /koŋ³⁴/

Middle Chinese: kjowngX

Rime
Character	鞏
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	見 (28)
Final (韻)	鍾 (7)
Tone (調)	Rising (X)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	III
Fanqie	居悚切
Baxter	kjowngX
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/kɨoŋ^X/
Pan Wuyun	/kioŋ^X/
Shao Rongfen	/kioŋ^X/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/kuawŋ^X/
Li Rong	/kioŋ^X/
Wang Li	/kĭwoŋ^X/
Bernhard Karlgren	/ki̯woŋ^X/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	jiǒng
Expected Cantonese Reflex	gung²

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*k(r)oŋʔ/

(Zhengzhang): /*koŋʔ/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	鞏
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	gǒng
Middle Chinese	‹ kjowng^X ›
Old Chinese	/*k(r)oŋʔ/
English	bind with leather straps
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	鞏
Reading #	1/1
No.	4067
Phonetic component	工
Rime group	東
Rime subdivision	0
Corresponding MC rime	拱
Old Chinese	/*koŋʔ/

Definitions

鞏

to fasten using a leather band
to secure; to consolidate
firm; secure
(obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) alternative form of 栱 (gǒng, “post, pillar”)
(obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) alternative form of 恐 (kǒng, “to fear”)
(～國) (historical) State of Gong (a small state during the Spring and Autumn period in modern-day Henan)
(～縣) (historical) Gong County (in modern-day Gongyi, Henan)
(～州) (historical) Gong Prefecture (in modern-day Gong County, Sichuan)
(～州) (historical) Gong Prefecture (in modern-day Longxi County, Gansu)
a surname, Gong
鞏俐／巩俐 ― Gǒng Lì ― Gong Li

Synonyms

(firm):

edit

堅固 / 坚固 (jiāngù)
堅實 / 坚实 (jiānshí)
堅硬 / 坚硬 (jiānyìng)
扎實
深厚 (shēnhòu) (figurative, of foundations)
牢 (láo)
牢固 (láogù)
牢牢 (láoláo)
牢靠 (láokào)
瓷 (cí)
穩固 / 稳固 (wěngù)
結實 / 结实
緊實 / 紧实 (jǐnshí)
鞏固 / 巩固 (gǒnggù)

Compounds

岑鞏 / 岑巩
東鞏 / 东巩 (Dōnggǒng)
鞏固 / 巩固 (gǒnggù)
鞏家灣 / 巩家湾 (Gǒngjiāwān)
鞏留 / 巩留 (Gǒngliú)
鞏縣 / 巩县
鞏縣石窟 / 巩县石窟
鞏義 / 巩义 (Gǒngyì)
鞏膜 / 巩膜 (gǒngmó)
鞏膜炎 / 巩膜炎 (gǒngmóyán)
鞏華城 / 巩华城

Etymology 2

trad.		鞏
simp.		巩^*
alternative forms		砊砌控空框

Pronunciation

Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): khōng

Southern Min
- (Hokkien: General Taiwanese)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: khōng
  - Tâi-lô: khōng
  - Phofsit Daibuun: qong
  - IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung): /kʰɔŋ³³/

Definitions

鞏

(Taiwanese Hokkien) to build with bricks or cement
- 1991, “故鄉”, in 鄭進一, 陳維祥 (lyrics), 鄭進一 (music), 故鄉, performed by 葉啟田:
  
  有幾間厝用磚仔砌　看起來普通普通 [Taiwanese Hokkien, trad.]
  有几间厝用砖仔砌　看起来普通普通 [Taiwanese Hokkien, simp.]
  ū kúi keng chhù iōng chng-á khōng, khòaⁿ--khí-lâi phó͘-thong phó͘-thong [Pe̍h-ōe-jī]
  There are a few houses built with bricks that look quite ordinary

References

“鞏”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎^[1], 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–

Japanese

Kanji

鞏

(Hyōgai kanji)

This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

Readings

On (unclassified): きょう (kyō)
Kun: かたい (katai)

Korean

Hanja

鞏 (eum 공 (gong))

This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

Vietnamese

Han character

鞏: Hán Nôm readings: củng

This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.