-ül

See also: ül, uel, and Appendix:Variations of "ul"

Azerbaijani

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): [yl]

Suffix

	preceding vowel
	a / i	e / ə / i̇	o / u	ö / ü
postconsonantal except after L	-ıl	-il	-ul	-ül
after L	-ın	-in	-un	-ün
postvocalic	-n

-ül

Form of -il after the vowels Ö / Ü and a consonant other than L.
‎döymək (“to beat”) + ‎-ül → ‎döyülmək (“to get beaten”)

‎tökmək (“to pour”) + ‎-ül → ‎tökülmək (“to fall out, get spilled”)

Derived terms

See -il.

Hungarian

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): [yl]

Etymology 1

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Suffix

-ül

(verb-forming suffix) Added to an adjective to form a middle-voice verb. It is similar to -edik.
‎zöld (“green”) + ‎-ül → ‎zöldül (“to become (more) green”)

‎szép (“beautiful”) + ‎-ül → ‎szépül (“to become (more) beautiful”)

Usage notes

(verb-forming suffix) Variants:
-ul is added to back-vowel words. The final vowel is dropped.
‎drága (“expensive”) + ‎-ul → ‎drágul (“to get more expensive”)

-ül is added to front-vowel words. The final vowel is dropped.
‎gyenge (“weak”) + ‎-ül → ‎gyengül (“to weaken”)

Derived terms

Etymology 2

Suffix

-ül (essive-modal case suffix)

(essive sense) as, with the intention of (front-vowel variant of -ul)
Synonyms: -ként, -képp/-képpen, (stating the capacity) mint

‎meglepetés (“surprise”) + ‎-ül → ‎meglepetésül (“as a surprise”)

‎vég (“end”) + ‎-ül → ‎végül (“finally, eventually”, literally “as an/the end”)
(modal sense, adverb-forming suffix) Added to an adjective to form an adverb.
‎feltétlen (“unconditional, definite”) + ‎-ül → ‎feltétlenül (“unconditionally, definitely”)

‎török (“Turkish”) + ‎-ül → ‎törökül (“in Turkish”)

Usage notes

(essive-modal case suffix) Variants:
-ul is added to back-vowel words. Final -a changes to -á-.

-ül is added to front-vowel words. Final -e changes to -é-.

Hungarian case suffixes
case	back vowel a, á, o, ó, u, ú	front vowel
case	back vowel a, á, o, ó, u, ú	unrounded e, é, i, í	rounded ö, ő, ü, ű
nominative	—
accusative	-t
accusative	-ot / -at	-et	-öt
dative	-nak	-nek
instrumental	-val	-vel
causal-final	-ért
translative	-vá	-vé
terminative	-ig
essive-formal	-ként¹
essive-modal	-ul	-ül
inessive	-ban	-ben
superessive	-n
superessive	-on	-en	-ön
adessive	-nál	-nél
illative	-ba	-be
sublative	-ra	-re
allative	-hoz	-hez	-höz
elative	-ból	-ből
delative	-ról	-ről
ablative	-tól	-től

¹ Stem-final -a/-e changes to -á-/-é-, respectively, except before -ként.
alma — almában, but almaként
zene ― zenében, but zeneként

Derived terms

Turkish

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): [yl]

Suffix

	preceding vowel
	a / i	e / i̇	o / u	ö / ü
postconsonantal except after L	-ıl	-il	-ul	-ül
after L	-ın	-in	-un	-ün
postvocalic	-n

-ül

Form of -il after the vowels Ö / Ü and a consonant other than L.
‎dövmek (“to beat”) + ‎-ül → ‎dövülmek (“to get beaten”)

‎dökmek (“to pour”) + ‎-ül → ‎dökülmek (“to fall out, get spilled”)

Derived terms

See -il.

Volapük

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): [yl]

Suffix

-ül

offspring, young (of an animal), young organism (animal or plant) (e.g., torül = young bull, bullock; kunül = young cow, heifer; lupül = wolf cub)
Hypocoristic or used to denote affection for the noun. (e.g., Samül = Sammy)

Usage notes

In many languages, the diminutive form of a word can also be used to denote not (just) littleness but (also) affection or intimacy (for the word's referent), whereas in Volapük this secondary meaning of the diminutive is split off, since Volapük attempts, somewhat like Lojban, to avoid polysemy.

Derived terms

Volapük terms suffixed with -ül