Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/brūnaz

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

Perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *bʰerH- (“grey, brown”).^[1]

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈbruː.nɑz/

Adjective

*brūnaz

brown

Inflection

Declension of *brūnaz (a-stem)
Strong declension
	singular			plural
	masculine	feminine	neuter	masculine	feminine	neuter
nominative	*brūnaz	*brūnō	*brūną, -atō	*brūnai	*brūnôz	*brūnō
accusative	*brūnanǭ	*brūnǭ	*brūną, -atō	*brūnanz	*brūnōz	*brūnō
genitive	*brūnas, -is	*brūnaizōz	*brūnas, -is	*brūnaizǫ̂	*brūnaizǫ̂	*brūnaizǫ̂
dative	*brūnammai	*brūnaizōi	*brūnammai	*brūnaimaz	*brūnaimaz	*brūnaimaz
instrumental	*brūnanō	*brūnaizō	*brūnanō	*brūnaimiz	*brūnaimiz	*brūnaimiz

Weak declension
	singular			plural
	masculine	feminine	neuter	masculine	feminine	neuter
nominative	*brūnô	*brūnǭ	*brūnô	*brūnaniz	*brūnōniz	*brūnōnō
accusative	*brūnanų	*brūnōnų	*brūnô	*brūnanunz	*brūnōnunz	*brūnōnō
genitive	*brūniniz	*brūnōniz	*brūniniz	*brūnanǫ̂	*brūnōnǫ̂	*brūnanǫ̂
dative	*brūnini	*brūnōni	*brūnini	*brūnammaz	*brūnōmaz	*brūnammaz
instrumental	*brūninē	*brūnōnē	*brūninē	*brūnammiz	*brūnōmiz	*brūnammiz

Descendants

Proto-West Germanic: *brūn
- Old English: brūn
  - Middle English: broun, broyn, brown, brun, bruyn
    - English: brown
      - Bislama: braon
      - Tok Pisin: braun
      - → Welsh: brown
      - → Tongan: palauni
    - Geordie English: broon
    - Scots: broon, broun
- Old Frisian: brūn
  - East Frisian:
    - Saterland Frisian: bruun
    - → Latvian: brūns
  - West Frisian: brún
- Old Saxon: brūn
  - Middle Low German: brûn
    - Dutch Low Saxon: brun, broen, bruun
    - German Low German: bruun, brun
    - Plautdietsch: brun
    - → Estonian: pruun
    - → Latgalian: bryuns
    - → Latvian: brūns
- Old Dutch: *brūn
  - Middle Dutch: bruun
    - Dutch: bruin
      - Afrikaans: bruin
      - Negerhollands: bruun, brin, bryen
      - → Papiamentu: brùin, brein, bruin
      - → Sranan Tongo: broin
    - Limburgish: broen
    - West Flemish: bruun
    - → English: bruin
    - → Latvian: brūns
- Old High German: brūn
  - Middle High German: brūn
    - Alemannic German: bruun
      Swabian:
    - Bavarian:
    - Central Franconian: brong, brung, broun
      Hunsrik: braun
      Luxembourgish: brong
    - East Central German:
      Vilamovian: braojn
    - East Franconian:
    - German: braun
    - Rhine Franconian:
      - Pennsylvania German: brau
    - Yiddish: ברוין (broyn)
- → Late Latin: brūnus
  - → Dalmatian: broin
  - → Italian: bruno
  - → Old Galician-Portuguese:
    - Galician: brun
    - Portuguese: bruno
  - → Old Spanish:
    - Spanish: bruno
  - ⇒ Medieval Latin: brunneus
    - → English: brunneous
- → Old French: brun
  - Middle French: brun
    - French: brun
      - → Breton: brun
      - Louisiana Creole: brun
      - → Romanian: brun
  - Norman: breun, brun (Jersey)
  - → Galician: brun (archaic)
Old Norse: brúnn
- Icelandic: brúnn
- Faroese: brúnur
- Norn: brun
- Norwegian Nynorsk: brun, (dialectal) brun’u, brun’e, bron
- Jamtish: brún
- Elfdalian: braungen
- Old Swedish: brūn
  - Swedish: brun
    - → Elfdalian: brun
    - → Estonian: pruun
- Old Danish: brūn
  - Danish: brun
    - Norwegian Bokmål: brun
- Gutnish: bräunar
- Scanian: brúner
→ Romansch: brin, bregn, brün (from some Germanic language)

References

^ Vladimir Orel (2003) “ƀrūnaz I”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 60

[1] Vladimir Orel (2003) “ƀrūnaz I”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 60

[1]

blaikaz, blankaz, hwītaz, blasaz	falwaz, grēwaz, haswaz, grīsaz, *hairaz	blakaz, swartaz
*raudaz	brūnaz, erpaz, *dusnaz	gelwaz, gulaz
*grōniz	*grōniz
	*blēwaz	blēwaz, hēwijaz
blēwaz, hēwijaz	*baswaz