Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/ís

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

    Etymology

    Dunkel derives the stem *(h₁)e- from an anaphoric particle *(h₁)é.[1]

    Pronoun

    *ís or *h₁e

    1. this, he (used as the 3rd person pronoun)

    Declension

    Andrew Sihler's reconstruction[2]
    Singular Plural
    masculine feminine neuter masculine feminine neuter
    nominative *ís *íh₂ *íd *éyes *íh₂es *íh₂
    accusative *ím *íh₂m *íd *íns *íh₂ms *íh₂
    genitive *ésyo *ésyeh₂s *ésyo *éysom *éysom *éysom
    ablative *ésmod *ésyeh₂s *ésyo *éysom *éysom *éysom
    dative *ésmey *ésyeh₂ey *ésmey *eybʰ- *eybʰ- *eybʰ-
    locative *ésmi *? *ésmi *eysu *eysu *eysu
    Donald Ringe's reconstruction[3]
    Singular Plural
    masculine feminine neuter masculine feminine neuter
    nominative *éy *íh₂ *íd *éyes *íh₂es (?) *íh₂
    accusative *ím *íh₂m̥ *íd *íns *íh₂n̥s (?) *íh₂
    genitive *ésyo *ésyeh₂s *ésyo *éysoHom *íh₂soHom *éysoHom
    ablative *ésmead (?) *ésyeh₂s *ésmead (?) *éymos *íh₂mos *éymos
    dative *ésmey *ésyeh₂ey *ésmey *éymos *íh₂mos *éymos
    locative *ésmi *ésyeh₂(i) *ésmi *éysu *íh₂su *éysu
    instrumental *íh₁ ? *íh₁ *éybʰi *íh₂bʰi *éybʰi
    Robert Beekes' reconstruction[4]
    Singular Plural
    masculine feminine neuter masculine feminine neuter
    nominative *h₁e *ih₂ *id *h₁ey *ih₂es *ih₂
    accusative *im *ih₂m̥ *id *ins *ih₂n̥s *ih₂
    genitive *h₁éso *h₁eseh₂s (?) *h₁éso *h₁éso(m) *h₁éso(m) *h₁éso(m)
    ablative *h₁esmōd *h₁esmōd *h₁esmōd *h₁eyos *h₁eyos *h₁eyos
    dative *h₁esmōy *h₁esieh₂ey *h₁esmōy *h₁eymus *h₁eymus *h₁eymus
    locative *h₁esmi *h₁esyeh₂i *h₁esmi *h₁eysu *h₁eysu *h₁eysu
    instrumental *h₁ey (?) *h₁ey (?) *h₁ey (?) *h₁eybʰi *h₁eybʰi *h₁eybʰi

    Derived terms

    • *(h₁)yós (“which”)
    • *(h₁)óy-nos, *(h₁)óy-wos, *(h₁)óy-kos (“one”)
    • *(h₁)é-tero-s (“the other (of two)”)[5][1]
      • Proto-Albanian:
        • Albanian: jetër (“other”)
      • >? Proto-Balto-Slavic:
      • Proto-Indo-Iranian:
        • Proto-Iranian:
          • Younger Avestan: 𐬀𐬙𐬁𐬭𐬀 (atāra, “this one (of two)”)
      • Proto-Italic: *eteros (see there for further descendants)
    • *(h₁)í-tero-s[7]
      • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *(H)ítaras
        • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hítaras
          • Sanskrit: इतर (ítara) (see there for further descendants)
        • Proto-Iranian: *Hítarah
          • Gurani: تر (tir)
          • Kurdish:
            Central Kurdish: تر (tir)
            Southern Kurdish: تر (tir)
      • Proto-Italic: *iteros, *iterom (adverbial accusative)
    • *(h₁)i-dʰé (“at the mentioned place; here”)[8]
      • Proto-Hellenic:
        • ⇒ Ancient Greek: ἰθαιγενής (ithaigenḗs, “born here, born in lawful matrimony”)
      • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *(H)idʰá (see there for further descendants)
      • Proto-Italic: *iðei (with *-i from emphatic particle or from locative ending) (see there for further descendants)
    • *í-th₂ (“so”)[8]
      • Proto-Balto-Slavic:
      • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ítH
        • Proto-Indo-Aryan:
        • Proto-Iranian: *uti[9] (with *u- possibly from *uta (“and”))
          • Avestan:
            Old Avestan: 𐬏𐬌𐬙𐬍 (ūitī)
            Younger Avestan: 𐬎𐬌𐬙𐬌 (uiti)
      • ⇒ *ith₂ eh₁[8]
        • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *itʰaH
          • Proto-Indo-Aryan:
            • Sanskrit: इत्था (itthā́)
          • Proto-Iranian:
            • Avestan:
              Old Avestan: 𐬌𐬚𐬁 (iθā)
              Younger Avestan: 𐬌𐬚𐬀 (iθa)
        • Proto-Italic: *itā
          • Latin: ita (with iambic shortening)
          • ⇒ Umbrian: 𐌉𐌕𐌄𐌊 (itek)
      • ⇒ *ith₂ ó/em[8]
        • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *itHam
          • Proto-Indo-Aryan:
            • Sanskrit: इत्थम् (itthám, “so”)
        • Proto-Italic:

    Descendants

    Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European word *ís
    • Proto-Albanian: *a-ei
      • Albanian: ai (“he”)
    • Proto-Albanian: *a-jā
      • Albanian: ajo (“she”)
    • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *is
      • Latgalian: is, jis, jei
      • Lithuanian: jis
      • Proto-Slavic: *jь (< *yós) (see there for further descendants)
    • Proto-Celtic: *es (see there for further descendants)
    • Proto-Germanic: *iz (see there for further descendants)
    • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *(H)ayám, *(H)a- (see there for further descendants)
    • Proto-Italic: *is
      • Latin: is, ea, id
      • Marrucinian: iafc (feminine accusative plural), esuc (masculine/neuter genitive plural)
      • Oscan: 𐌉𐌆𐌉𐌊 (izik) (masculine nominative singular), 𐌉𐌞𐌊 (iúk), 𐌉𐌉𐌖𐌊 (iiuk), 𐌉𐌏𐌊 (iok) (feminine nominative singular), 𐌝𐌃𐌉𐌊 (ídik), 𐌉𐌃𐌉𐌊 (idik) (neuter nominative singular)
      • South Picene: 𐌄𐌔𐌌𐌉𐌊 (esmik) (masculine/neuter dative singular), 𐌄𐌔𐌌𐌄𐌍 (esmen), 𐌄𐌔𐌌𐌝𐌍 (esmín) (masculine/neuter locative singular)
      • Umbrian: 𐌄𐌓𐌄 (ere) (masculine nominative singular), 𐌄𐌛𐌄𐌊 (eřek) (neuter nominative singular)
    Unsorted formations
    • Proto-Anatolian:
      • Hittite: [script needed] (eni-, uni-, “that”)
    • Proto-Germanic: *ja (see there for further descendants)
    • Hellenic:
    • Indo-Iranian:
    • Italic:

    References

    1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Dunkel, George E. (2014) “*e- 'besagter, der erwähnte'”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Partikeln und Pronominalstämme [Lexicon of Indo-European Particles and Pronominal Stems] (in German), volume 2: Lexikon, Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag Winter, →ISBN, pages 183-198
    2. ^ Sihler, Andrew L. (1995) New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin, Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 391
    3. ^ Ringe, Donald (2006) From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English; 1)‎[1], Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 56f
    4. ^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2011) Comparative Indo-European Linguistics: An Introduction, 2nd edition, revised and corrected by Michiel de Vaan, Amsterdam, Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company, pages 227–229
    5. ^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “cēterus”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN
    6. ^ Derksen, Rick (2008) “*eterъ”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 147
    7. ^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “iterum”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 311-312
    8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 Dunkel, George E. (2014) “1.*í- 'besagter, der erwähnte; dieser'”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Partikeln und Pronominalstämme [Lexicon of Indo-European Particles and Pronominal Stems] (in German), volume 2: Lexikon, Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag Winter, →ISBN, pages 363-374
    9. ^ Lubotsky, Alexander (2011) “íti”, in The Indo-Aryan Inherited Lexicon (in progress) (Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Project), Leiden University, page 236

    Further reading


    PIE pronouns

    *éǵh₂ · *wéy · *túh₂ · *yúHs · *swé · *só · *ís · *kʷís · *h₁énos · *yós

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