Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/só

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Etymology

In earlier, animacy-based two-gender Proto-Indo-European, *só was the animate demonstrative. Once the gender system was established, *séh₂ was created using the feminine suffix *-h₂; *tód was the inanimate demonstrative in two-gender Proto-Indo-European and was later used as a neuter demonstrative.

Pronoun

*só ~ *tó-^[1]^[2]^[3]

this
that

Inflection

Thematic pronominal
	masculine	feminine
nominative	*só	*séh₂
genitive	*tósyo	*tósyeh₂s
masculine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*só	*tóh₁	*tóy
accusative	*tóm	*tóh₁	*tóms
genitive	*tósyo	*?	*tóysoHom
ablative	*tósmead	*?	tóymos, tóybʰos
dative	*tósmey	*?	tóymos, tóybʰos
locative	*tósmi	*?	*tóysu
instrumental	*tónoh₁	*?	*tṓys
feminine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*séh₂	*?	*téh₂es
accusative	*tā́m	*?	*téh₂m̥s
genitive	*tósyeh₂s	*?	*téh₂soHom
ablative	*tósyeh₂s	*?	téh₂mos, téh₂bʰos
dative	*tósyeh₂ey	*?	téh₂mos, téh₂bʰos
locative	*tósyeh₂	*?	*téh₂su
instrumental	*téh₂(e)h₁	*?	téh₂mis, téh₂bʰis
neuter	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*tód	*tóy	*téh₂
accusative	*tód	*tóy	*téh₂
genitive	*tósyo	*?	*tóysoHom
ablative	*tósmead	*?	tóymos, tóybʰos
dative	*tósmey	*?	tóymos, tóybʰos
locative	*tósmi	*?	*tóysu
instrumental	*tónoh₁	*?	*tṓys

Derived terms

Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *só- (3 c, 0 e)

Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European word *só

*s-ih₂ (feminine nom.sg.) (see there for further descendants)
*tó-r (“there”)^[3]
- >? Proto-Anatolian:
  - Luwian: [Term?] (/⁠-tar⁠/, local/modal particle)
- Proto-Germanic: *þar (see there for further descendants)
- ⇒ *tór ǵʰi
  - Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tárȷ́ʰi
    - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *tárźʰi
      - Sanskrit: तर्हि (tárhi)
*tó-ti (“so many”) (see there for further descendants)
*té-h₁ (“thus”, instr.)^[3]^[4]^[5]
- Proto-Balto-Slavic:
  - Latvian: te
  - Lithuanian: tè
- Proto-Germanic:
  - Gothic: 𐌸𐌴 (þē) (in 𐌽𐌹 𐌸𐌴 𐌷𐌰𐌻𐌳𐌹𐍃 (ni þē haldis) and as enclitic in 𐌾𐌰𐌸𐌸𐌴 (jaþþē))
- Proto-Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: τῆ (tê)
- >? Proto-Indo-Iranian:
  - Proto-Iranian:
    - Avestan: 𐬙𐬁 (tā, “therefore”) (or from *tóh₁ or *téh₂h₁)
*tó-ad (abl.)^[3]
- Proto-Balto-Slavic:
  - Lithuanian: tõ
- Proto-Hellenic:
  - Epic Greek: τῶ (tô)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian:
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan:
    - Vedic Sanskrit: तात् (tā́t)
*teh₂-li-, *to-li (“so great, to such an extent”) or *téh₂-h₁ li^[3]
- Proto-Balto-Slavic:
  - Lithuanian: tõl, tõlei
  - Proto-Slavic: *toli
    - Old Church Slavonic: толь (tolĭ)
    - Old Polish: tyle (influenced by ile)
      - Polish: tyle
    - Russian: толь (tolʹ)
- >? Proto-Celtic: *talī- (“to cost, pay”)^[6]
  - Proto-Brythonic:
    - Old Breton: tal
    - Cornish: tal; tyli
    - Middle Welsh: talu
      - Welsh: talu
- Proto-Italic: *tālis
  - Latin: tālis (see there for further descendants)
- ⇒ *teh₂-li-ko-; *to-li-ko-
  - Proto-Balto-Slavic:
    - Proto-Slavic: *toliko (see there for further descendants)
  - Proto-Hellenic: *tālíkos
    - Ancient Greek: τᾱλίκος (tālíkos), τηλίκος (tēlíkos)
*teh₂-wot ^?
- Proto-Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: τῆος (têos), τέως (téōs)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian:
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan:
    - Sanskrit: तावत् (tā́vat)

Unsorted formations

Proto-Albanian: *te-k(u)
- Albanian: te, tek (“to, at”)

Descendants

Proto-Albanian: *tan-^[7]
- Gheg Albanian: tanë
- Tosk Albanian: tërë
Proto-Armenian:
- Old Armenian: *դո- (*do-)
Proto-Balto-Slavic: *tas (see there for further descendants)
Proto-Celtic: *so (see there for further descendants)
Proto-Germanic: *sa, *þan, *þus, *þau (see there for further descendants)
Proto-Hellenic: *ho
- Ancient Greek: ὁ (ho), ἡ (hē), τό (tó), ὡς (hōs), αὐτός (autós), ὅδε (hóde), ὁδί (hodí), οὗτος (hoûtos), τότε (tóte) - τοτέ (toté), τηνίκα (tēníka), τῆμος (têmos)
Proto-Italic: *so (as a whole pronoun), *sei (locative singular)
- Latin: sī, sic, tum, tam, iste, ita, ut
- Oscan: 𐌔𐌅𐌀𐌝 (svaí)
Proto-Indo-Iranian: *sá, *sáH, *tád (see there for further descendants)

References

^ Ringe, Donald (2006) From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English; 1)‎^[1], Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, pages 54-55
^ Dunkel, George E. (2014) “*só-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Partikeln und Pronominalstämme [Lexicon of Indo-European Particles and Pronominal Stems] (in German), volume 2: Lexikon, Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag Winter, →ISBN, pages 732-745
↑ ^3.0 ^3.1 ^3.2 ^3.3 ^3.4 Dunkel, George E. (2014) “*tó-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Partikeln und Pronominalstämme [Lexicon of Indo-European Particles and Pronominal Stems] (in German), volume 2: Lexikon, Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag Winter, →ISBN, pages 779-799
^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “τῆ”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 1476
^ Derksen, Rick (2015) “te”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 462
^ Matasović, Ranko (2009) “*tal-ī-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, pages 366–367
^ Demiraj, Bardhyl (1997) Albanische Etymologien: Untersuchungen zum albanischen Erbwortschatz [Albanian Etymologies: […]] (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 7)‎^[2] (in German), Amsterdam, Atlanta: Rodopi, page 179

[1] Ringe, Donald (2006) From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English; 1)‎^[1], Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, pages 54-55

[LIPP_so-2] Dunkel, George E. (2014) “*só-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Partikeln und Pronominalstämme [Lexicon of Indo-European Particles and Pronominal Stems] (in German), volume 2: Lexikon, Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag Winter, →ISBN, pages 732-745

[LIPP_to-3] 3.0 ^3.1 ^3.2 ^3.3 ^3.4 Dunkel, George E. (2014) “*tó-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Partikeln und Pronominalstämme [Lexicon of Indo-European Particles and Pronominal Stems] (in German), volume 2: Lexikon, Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag Winter, →ISBN, pages 779-799

[4] Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “τῆ”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 1476

[5] Derksen, Rick (2015) “te”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 462

[6] Matasović, Ranko (2009) “*tal-ī-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, pages 366–367

[7] Demiraj, Bardhyl (1997) Albanische Etymologien: Untersuchungen zum albanischen Erbwortschatz [Albanian Etymologies: […]] (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 7)‎^[2] (in German), Amsterdam, Atlanta: Rodopi, page 179

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