nyonya

See also: Nyonya

Indonesian

Etymology

Inherited from Malay nyonya. See aforementioned entry for more info. Possibly also a semantic loan from Javanese nyonyah. Compare Macanese nhonha. See also Spanish doña (“lady”).

Pronunciation

  • (Standard Indonesian) IPA(key): /ˈɲoɲa/ [ˈɲo.ɲa]
  • Rhymes: -oɲa
  • Syllabification: nyo‧nya

Noun

nyonya

  1. madam
  2. wife
    Synonym: istri

Derived terms

  • nyonya besar
  • nyonya rumah

See also

Further reading

Malay

Alternative forms

Etymology

Possibly from either or both:

Compare Macanese nhonha. See also modern Hokkien 娘娘 (niô͘-niô͘, “lady”), 娘仔 (niô͘-á, “young lady”), 娘惹 (nō͘-niâ / niû-nia / niô͘-nia, “female peranakan”), Spanish doña (“lady”).

Pronunciation

  • (Baku, Johor-Riau, Riau-Lingga) IPA(key): /ˈɲoɲa/ [ˈɲo.ɲa]
    • Rhymes: -oɲa, -a
  • (Johor-Riau) IPA(key): /ˈɲoɲə/ [ˈɲo.ɲə] (Can we verify(+) this pronunciation?)
    • Rhymes: -oɲə, -ɲə, -ə
  • Hyphenation: nyo‧nya

Noun

nyonya (Jawi spelling ڽوڽا, plural nyonya-nyonya)

  1. A Nyonya; a female Peranakan.
  2. (Java) A married Chinese or European lady of some position; madam
  3. (Malaya) A married colonial Straits-born Chinese or Eurasian or Portuguese lady (as opposed to immigrant Chinese or European women)

Descendants

  • > Indonesian: nyonya (inherited)
  • → English: Nyonya
  • →? Macanese: nhonha
  • → Hokkien: 娘惹 (nō͘-niâ / niû-nia / niô͘-nia)

See also

References

  1. ^ Schlegel, Gustave, Cordier, Henri (1890) 通報 T'oung pao Archives pour servir à L'Étude de L'Histoire, des Langues, de la Géographie et de L'Ethnographie de L'Asie Orientale (Chine, Japon, Corée, Indo-Chine, Asie Centrale et Malaisie).‎[1], volume I., Leide, E. J. Brill, page 400
  2. ^ Medhurst, Walter Henry (1832) “Yëá 仔”, in A Dictionary of the Hok-këèn Dialect of the Chinese Language, According to the Reading and Colloquial Idioms: Containing About 12,000 Characters, (overall work in Hokkien and English), Macao: The Honorable East India Company's Press by G. J. Steyn and Brother, page 736
  3. ^ Van der Loon, Piet (1967) “The Manila Incunabula and Early Hokkien Studies, Part 2”, in Asia Major (New Series)‎[2], volume 13, page 142
  4. ^ Dictionario Hispánico-Sinicum‎[3] (overall work in Early Modern Spanish, Hokkien, and Classical Mandarin), kept as Vocabulario Español-Chino con caracteres chinos (TOMO 215) in the University of Santo Tomás Archives, Manila: Dominican Order of Preachers, 1626-1642; republished as Fabio Yuchung Lee (李毓中), Chen Tsung-jen (陳宗仁), Regalado Trota José, José Luis Caño Ortigosa, editors, Hokkien Spanish Historical Document Series I: Dictionario Hispanico Sinicum‎[4], Hsinchu: National Tsing Hua University Press, 2018, →ISBN

Further reading

  • “nyonya” in Pusat Rujukan Persuratan Melayu | Malay Literary Reference Centre, Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka, 2017.
  • Wilkinson, Richard James (1901) “ڽوڽه nyonyah”, in A Malay-English dictionary, Hong Kong: Kelly & Walsh limited, page 700
  • Wilkinson, Richard James (1932) “nyonya”, in A Malay-English dictionary (romanised), volume II, Mytilene, Greece: Salavopoulos & Kinderlis, page 182
  • Dalgado, Sebastião Rodolfo (1936) Xavier, Anthony, transl., Portuguese Vocables in Asiatic Languages‎[5], Baroda: Oriental Institute, pages 136-8

Swahili

Pronunciation

  • Audio (Kenya):(file)

Verb

-nyonya (infinitive kunyonya)

  1. to suck (to work the lips and tongue on)
  2. to breastfeed
  3. to exploit someone

Conjugation

Conjugation of -nyonya
Positive present -nanyonya
Subjunctive -nyonye
Negative -nyonyi
Imperative singular nyonya
Infinitives
Positive kunyonya
Negative kutonyonya
Imperatives
Singular nyonya
Plural nyonyeni
Tensed forms
Habitual hunyonya
Positive past positive subject concord + -linyonya
Negative past negative subject concord + -kunyonya
Positive present (positive subject concord + -nanyonya)
Singular Plural
1st person ninanyonya/nanyonya tunanyonya
2nd person unanyonya mnanyonya
3rd person m-wa(I/II) ananyonya wananyonya
other classes positive subject concord + -nanyonya
Negative present (negative subject concord + -nyonyi)
Singular Plural
1st person sinyonyi hatunyonyi
2nd person hunyonyi hamnyonyi
3rd person m-wa(I/II) hanyonyi hawanyonyi
other classes negative subject concord + -nyonyi
Positive future positive subject concord + -tanyonya
Negative future negative subject concord + -tanyonya
Positive subjunctive (positive subject concord + -nyonye)
Singular Plural
1st person ninyonye tunyonye
2nd person unyonye mnyonye
3rd person m-wa(I/II) anyonye wanyonye
other classes positive subject concord + -nyonye
Negative subjunctive positive subject concord + -sinyonye
Positive present conditional positive subject concord + -ngenyonya
Negative present conditional positive subject concord + -singenyonya
Positive past conditional positive subject concord + -ngalinyonya
Negative past conditional positive subject concord + -singalinyonya
Gnomic (positive subject concord + -anyonya)
Singular Plural
1st person nanyonya twanyonya
2nd person wanyonya mwanyonya
3rd person m-wa(I/II) anyonya wanyonya
m-mi(III/IV) wanyonya yanyonya
ji-ma(V/VI) lanyonya yanyonya
ki-vi(VII/VIII) chanyonya vyanyonya
n(IX/X) yanyonya zanyonya
u(XI) wanyonya see n(X) or ma(VI) class
ku(XV/XVII) kwanyonya
pa(XVI) panyonya
mu(XVIII) mwanyonya
Perfect positive subject concord + -menyonya
"Already" positive subject concord + -meshanyonya
"Not yet" negative subject concord + -janyonya
"If/When" positive subject concord + -kinyonya
"If not" positive subject concord + -siponyonya
Consecutive kanyonya / positive subject concord + -kanyonya
Consecutive subjunctive positive subject concord + -kanyonye
Object concord (indicative positive)
Singular Plural
1st person -ninyonya -tunyonya
2nd person -kunyonya -wanyonya/-kunyonyeni/-wanyonyeni
3rd person m-wa(I/II) -mnyonya -wanyonya
m-mi(III/IV) -unyonya -inyonya
ji-ma(V/VI) -linyonya -yanyonya
ki-vi(VII/VIII) -kinyonya -vinyonya
n(IX/X) -inyonya -zinyonya
u(XI) -unyonya see n(X) or ma(VI) class
ku(XV/XVII) -kunyonya
pa(XVI) -panyonya
mu(XVIII) -munyonya
Reflexive -jinyonya
Relative forms
General positive (positive subject concord + (object concord) + -nyonya- + relative marker)
Singular Plural
m-wa(I/II) -nyonyaye -nyonyao
m-mi(III/IV) -nyonyao -nyonyayo
ji-ma(V/VI) -nyonyalo -nyonyayo
ki-vi(VII/VIII) -nyonyacho -nyonyavyo
n(IX/X) -nyonyayo -nyonyazo
u(XI) -nyonyao see n(X) or ma(VI) class
ku(XV/XVII) -nyonyako
pa(XVI) -nyonyapo
mu(XVIII) -nyonyamo
Other forms (subject concord + tense marker + relative marker + (object concord) + -nyonya)
Singular Plural
m-wa(I/II) -yenyonya -onyonya
m-mi(III/IV) -onyonya -yonyonya
ji-ma(V/VI) -lonyonya -yonyonya
ki-vi(VII/VIII) -chonyonya -vyonyonya
n(IX/X) -yonyonya -zonyonya
u(XI) -onyonya see n(X) or ma(VI) class
ku(XV/XVII) -konyonya
pa(XVI) -ponyonya
mu(XVIII) -monyonya
Some forms not commonly seen in modern Standard Swahili are absent from the table. See Appendix:Swahili verbs for more information.

Derived terms

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