作業

See also: 作业

Chinese

		to regard as; to take (someone) for; to do to regard as; to take (someone) for; to do; to make	business; occupation; study
trad. (作業)		作	業
simp. (作业)		作	业

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Standard)
(Pinyin): zuòyè

(Zhuyin): ㄗㄨㄛˋ ㄧㄝˋ

(Xi'an, Guanzhong Pinyin): zuǒniě
Cantonese (Jyutping): zok³ jip⁶
Hakka
(Sixian, PFS): chok-ngia̍p

(Meixian, Guangdong): zog⁵ ngiab⁶
Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): zorh⁶ gieh⁷
Southern Min
(Hokkien, POJ): chok-gia̍p

(Teochew, Peng'im): zag⁴ ngieb⁸
Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): ⁷tsoq-gniq₈

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: zuòyè
  - Zhuyin: ㄗㄨㄛˋ ㄧㄝˋ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: zuòyè
  - Wade–Giles: tso⁴-yeh⁴
  - Yale: dzwò-yè
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: tzuohyeh
  - Palladius: цзое (czoje)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡su̯ɔ⁵¹⁻⁵³ jɛ⁵¹/
- (Xi'an)
  - Guanzhong Pinyin: zuǒniě [Phonetic: zuóniě]
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡suo²¹⁻²⁴ niɛ²¹/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
  - Jyutping: zok³ jip⁶
  - Yale: jok yihp
  - Cantonese Pinyin: dzok⁸ jip⁹
  - Guangdong Romanization: zog³ yib⁶
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡sɔːk̚³ jiːp̚²/
Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: chok-ngia̍p
  - Hakka Romanization System: zog^ˋ ngiab
  - Hagfa Pinyim: zog⁵ ngiab⁶
  - Sinological IPA: /t͡sok̚² ŋi̯ap̚⁵/
- (Meixian)
  - Guangdong: zog⁵ ngiab⁶
  - Sinological IPA: /t͡sɔk̚¹ ŋiap̚⁵/
Puxian Min
- (Putian)
  - Pouseng Ping'ing: zorh⁶ gieh⁷ [Phonetic: zorh⁷ gieh⁷]
  - Báⁿ-uā-ci̍: co̤h-gia̍h
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡sɒʔ²¹⁻⁴⁵ kiɛʔ⁴/
- (Xianyou)
  - Pouseng Ping'ing: zorh⁶ gieh⁷ [Phonetic: zorh⁷ gieh⁷]
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡sɒʔ²⁻⁴ kiɛʔ⁴/
Southern Min
- (Hokkien)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chok-gia̍p
  - Tâi-lô: tsok-gia̍p
  - Phofsit Daibuun: zokgiap
  - IPA (Xiamen): /t͡sɔk̚³²⁻⁴ ɡiap̚⁴/
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /t͡sɔk̚⁵⁻²⁴ ɡiap̚²⁴/
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /t͡sɔk̚³²⁻⁵ ɡiap̚¹²¹/
  - IPA (Taipei): /t͡sɔk̚³²⁻⁴ ɡiap̚⁴/
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /t͡sɔk̚³²⁻⁴ ɡiap̚⁴/
- (Teochew)
  - Peng'im: zag⁴ ngieb⁸
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: tsak ngiṳ̍p
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡sak̚²⁻⁴ ŋiɯp̚⁴/
Wu
- (Northern: Shanghai)
  - Wugniu: ⁷tsoq-gniq₈
  - MiniDict: tsoh^入 nyih^入
  - Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): ⁴tsoq-nyiq₅
  - Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /t͡soʔ³³ n̠ʲiɪʔ⁴⁴/

Middle Chinese: tsuH|tsaH|tsak ngjaep

Rime
Character	作	作	作	業
Reading #	1/3	2/3	3/3	1/1
Initial (聲)	精 (13)	精 (13)	精 (13)	疑 (31)
Final (韻)	模 (23)	歌 (94)	鐸 (103)	業 (147)
Tone (調)	Departing (H)	Departing (H)	Checked (Ø)	Checked (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open	Open	Open	Open
Division (等)	I	I	I	III
Fanqie	臧祚切	則箇切	則落切	魚怯切
Baxter	tsuH	tsaH	tsak	ngjaep
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/t͡suo^H/	/t͡sɑ^H/	/t͡sɑk̚/	/ŋɨɐp̚/
Pan Wuyun	/t͡suo^H/	/t͡sɑ^H/	/t͡sɑk̚/	/ŋiɐp̚/
Shao Rongfen	/t͡so^H/	/t͡sɑ^H/	/t͡sɑk̚/	/ŋiɐp̚/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/t͡sɔ^H/	/t͡sa^H/	/t͡sak̚/	/ŋɨap̚/
Li Rong	/t͡so^H/	/t͡sɑ^H/	/t͡sɑk̚/	/ŋiap̚/
Wang Li	/t͡su^H/	/t͡sɑ^H/	/t͡sɑk̚/	/ŋĭɐp̚/
Bernhard Karlgren	/t͡suo^H/	/t͡sɑ^H/	/t͡sɑk̚/	/ŋi̯ɐp̚/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	zù	zuò	zuo	yè
Expected Cantonese Reflex	zou³	zo³	zok³	jip⁶

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*[ts]ˤak|[ts]ˤak-s [m-qʰ](r)[a]p/

(Zhengzhang): /*ʔsaːɡs|ʔsaːɡ ŋab/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	作	作	業
Reading #	1/2	2/2	1/3
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	zuò	zuò	yè
Middle Chinese	‹ tsak ›	‹ tsu^H ›	‹ ngjæp ›
Old Chinese	/*[ts]ˁak/	/*[ts]ˁak-s/	/*[m-qʰ](r)[a]p/
English	do, work	do, work	work (n.)
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	作	作	作	業
Reading #	1/3	2/3	3/3	1/1
No.	16641	16653	16661	14819
Phonetic component	乍	乍	乍	業
Rime group	暮	暮	鐸	盍
Rime subdivision	0	0	0	1
Corresponding MC rime	佐	作	作	業
Old Chinese	/*ʔsaːɡs/	/*ʔsaːɡs/	/*ʔsaːɡ/	/*ŋab/
Notes		祚原誤衤旁巾箱本不誤	乍轉註字

Noun

作業

work; operation; task
道路作業／道路作业 ― dàolù zuòyè ― road work

本部刻正辦理採購作業。 [MSC, trad.]
本部刻正办理采购作业。 [MSC, simp.]
Běn bù kèzhèng bànlǐ cǎigòu zuòyè. [Pinyin]
Our ministry is handling the procurement.
schoolwork; assignment; homework
抄作業／抄作业 ― chāo zuòyè ― to copy (someone's) homework

你喜歡邊聽音樂邊做作業嗎？ [MSC, trad.]
你喜欢边听音乐边做作业吗？ [MSC, simp.]
Nǐ xǐhuān biān tīng yīnyuè biān zuò zuòyè ma? [Pinyin]
Do you listen to music while doing your homework?
(chiefly Hong Kong) assignment book; exercise book (book for students, containing problems and exercises) (Classifier: 本 c)
暑期作業／暑期作业 [Cantonese] ― syu² kei⁴ zok³ jip⁶ [Jyutping] ― summer exercise book
(literary) job; work; profession
- 行令半歲，萬民聞之，舍其作業，而為囷京以藏菽粟五穀者過半 [Traditional Chinese poetry, trad.]
  行令半岁，万民闻之，舍其作业，而为囷京以藏菽粟五谷者过半 [Traditional Chinese poetry, simp.]
  From: Guanzi, 5^th century BCE to 220 CE
  xínglìng bàn suì, wànmín wén zhī, shě qí zuòyè, ér wèi qūnjīng yǐ cáng shūsù wǔgǔ zhě guò bàn [Pinyin]
  (please add an English translation of this usage example)
- 常有大度，不事家人生產作業。 [Traditional Chinese poetry, trad.]
  常有大度，不事家人生产作业。 [Traditional Chinese poetry, simp.]
  From: The Records of the Grand Historian, by Sima Qian, c. 91 BCE
  Cháng yǒu dàdù, bù shì jiārén shēngchǎn zuòyè. [Pinyin]
  (please add an English translation of this usage example)
- 今概絕之，則土貨滯積，而濱海之民半失作業。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
  今概绝之，则土货滞积，而滨海之民半失作业。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]
  From: Qing dynasty, 方苞 (Fang Bao), 廣東副都統陳公墓誌銘
  Jīn gài jué zhī, zé tǔhuò zhìjī, ér bīnhǎi zhī mín bàn shī zuòyè. [Pinyin]
  (please add an English translation of this usage example)

Synonyms

(task): 任務／任务 (rènwù)
(schoolwork): 功課／功课 (gōngkè)

Verb

作業

to operate (a piece of machinery, etc.)
to work in a profession
to contribute to bad karma; to sin; to do evil

Synonyms

(to operate): 操縱／操纵 (cāozòng), 操作 (cāozuò)

Derived terms

一貫作業 / 一贯作业
交談式作業 / 交谈式作业
作業員 / 作业员 (zuòyèyuán)
作業平臺 / 作业平台
作業本 / 作业本 (zuòyèběn)
作業研究 / 作业研究
作業簿 / 作业簿
作業系統 / 作业系统 (zuòyè xìtǒng)
前置作業 / 前置作业
即時作業 / 即时作业
單機作業 / 单机作业
家庭作業 / 家庭作业 (jiātíng zuòyè)
無紙化作業 / 无纸化作业
磁碟作業系統 / 磁碟作业系统
紙上作業 / 纸上作业
網路作業 / 网路作业
連線作業 / 连线作业
野外作業 / 野外作业 (yěwài zuòyè)
離線作業 / 离线作业
高空作業 / 高空作业 (gāokōng zuòyè)
黑箱作業 / 黑箱作业 (hēixiāng zuòyè)

Descendants

Sino-Xenic (作業):

→ Japanese: 作(さ)業(ぎょう) (sagyō)
→ Korean: 작업(作業) (jageop)
→ Vietnamese: tác nghiệp (作業)

Japanese

Kanji in this term
作	業
さ Grade: 2	ぎょう Grade: 3
on'yomi

Pronunciation

(Tokyo) さぎょー [sáꜜgyòò] (Atamadaka – [1])
IPA^(key): [sa̠ɡʲo̞ː]

Noun

作(さ)業(ぎょう) • (sagyō)

work; operation

Derived terms

作(さ)業(ぎょう)衣(い) (sagyōi)
作(さ)業(ぎょう)着(ぎ) (sagyōgi)
作(さ)業(ぎょう)靴(ぐつ) (sagyōgutsu)
作(さ)業(ぎょう)服(ふく) (sagyōfuku)
手(て)作(さ)業(ぎょう) (tesagyō)
突(とっ)貫(かん)作(さ)業(ぎょう) (tokkan sagyō)
流(なが)れ作(さ)業(ぎょう) (nagaresagyō)
農(のう)作(さ)業(ぎょう) (nōsagyō)

Verb

作(さ)業(ぎょう)する • (sagyō suru) suru (stem 作(さ)業(ぎょう)し (sagyō shi), past 作(さ)業(ぎょう)した (sagyō shita))

work

Conjugation

Conjugation of "作業する" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs)

Katsuyōkei ("stem forms")
Mizenkei ("imperfective")	作業し	さぎょうし	sagyō shi
Ren’yōkei ("continuative")	作業し	さぎょうし	sagyō shi
Shūshikei ("terminal")	作業する	さぎょうする	sagyō suru
Rentaikei ("attributive")	作業する	さぎょうする	sagyō suru
Kateikei ("hypothetical")	作業すれ	さぎょうすれ	sagyō sure
Meireikei ("imperative")	作業せよ¹ 作業しろ²	さぎょうせよ¹ さぎょうしろ²	sagyō seyo¹ sagyō shiro²
Key constructions
Passive	作業される	さぎょうされる	sagyō sareru
Causative	作業させる作業さす	さぎょうさせるさぎょうさす	sagyō saseru sagyō sasu
Potential	作業できる	さぎょうできる	sagyō dekiru
Volitional	作業しよう	さぎょうしよう	sagyō shiyō
Negative	作業しない	さぎょうしない	sagyō shinai
Negative continuative	作業せず	さぎょうせず	sagyō sezu
Formal	作業します	さぎょうします	sagyō shimasu
Perfective	作業した	さぎょうした	sagyō shita
Conjunctive	作業して	さぎょうして	sagyō shite
Hypothetical conditional	作業すれば	さぎょうすれば	sagyō sureba
¹ Written imperative ² Spoken imperative

Korean

Hanja in this term
作	業

Noun

作業 • (jageop) (hangeul 작업)

hanja form^? of 작업 (“work; job; operation”)

Vietnamese

chữ Hán Nôm in this term
作	業

Adjective

作業

chữ Hán form of tác nghiệp (“operational”)