傭

See also: 佣

傭	U+50AD, 傭 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-50AD

← 催
[U+50AC]

CJK Unified Ideographs

傮 →
[U+50AE]

Translingual

Han character

傭 (Kangxi radical 9, 人+11, 13 strokes, cangjie input 人戈中月 (OILB), four-corner 2022₇, composition ⿰亻庸)

References

Kangxi Dictionary: page 114, character 11
Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 1007
Dae Jaweon: page 242, character 20
Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 214, character 6
Unihan data for U+50AD

Chinese

trad.		傭
simp.		佣^*

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 傭
Small seal script s05728
References: Mostly from Richard Sears' Chinese Etymology site (authorisation), which in turn draws data from various collections of ancient forms of Chinese characters, including: Shuowen Jiezi (small seal), Jinwen Bian (bronze inscriptions), Liushutong (Liushutong characters) and Yinxu Jiaguwen Bian (oracle bone script).

Characters in the same phonetic series (用) (Zhengzhang, 2003)

	Old Chinese
通	*l̥ʰoːŋ
俑	l̥ʰoːŋ, loŋʔ
蓪	*l̥ʰoːŋ
桶	l̥ʰoːŋʔ, l'oːŋʔ
捅	*l̥ʰoːŋʔ
痛	*l̥ʰoːŋs
筩	*l'oːŋ
誦	*ljoŋs
傭	l̥ʰoŋ, loŋ
慵	*ɦljoŋ
鱅	ɦljoŋ, loŋ
滽	*loŋ
墉	*loŋ
鏞	*loŋ
鄘	*loŋ
槦	*loŋ
銿	*loŋ
甬	*loŋʔ
勇	*loŋʔ
涌	*loŋʔ
踊	*loŋʔ
蛹	*loŋʔ
恿	*loŋʔ
慂	*loŋʔ
悀	*loŋʔ
埇	*loŋʔ
踴	*loŋʔ
庸	*loŋ
用	*loŋs
佣	*loŋs

Etymology

Cognate with 用 (OC *loŋs, “to use”); see there for more (STEDT).

Pronunciation 1

Mandarin
(Pinyin): yōng, yóng (yong¹, yong²)

(Zhuyin): ㄩㄥ, ㄩㄥˊ
Cantonese (Jyutping): jung⁴ / jung²
Gan (Wiktionary): iung⁵
Southern Min
(Hokkien, POJ): iong

(Teochew, Peng'im): iong⁵

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: yōng
  - Zhuyin: ㄩㄥ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: yong
  - Wade–Giles: yung¹
  - Yale: yūng
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: iong
  - Palladius: юн (jun)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /jʊŋ⁵⁵/
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: yóng
  - Zhuyin: ㄩㄥˊ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: yóng
  - Wade–Giles: yung²
  - Yale: yúng
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: yong
  - Palladius: юн (jun)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /jʊŋ³⁵/

Note: yóng - obsolete.

Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
  - Jyutping: jung⁴ / jung²
  - Yale: yùhng / yúng
  - Cantonese Pinyin: jung⁴ / jung²
  - Guangdong Romanization: yung⁴ / yung²
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /jʊŋ²¹/, /jʊŋ³⁵/
Gan
- (Nanchang)
  - Wiktionary: iung⁵
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /iuŋ¹¹/
Southern Min
- (Hokkien)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: iong
  - Tâi-lô: iong
  - Phofsit Daibuun: iofng
  - IPA (Xiamen): /iɔŋ⁴⁴/
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /iɔŋ³³/
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /iɔŋ⁴⁴/
  - IPA (Taipei): /iɔŋ⁴⁴/
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /iɔŋ⁴⁴/
- (Teochew)
  - Peng'im: iong⁵
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: iông
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ioŋ⁵⁵/

Middle Chinese: yowng

Rime
Character	傭
Reading #	1/2
Initial (聲)	以 (36)
Final (韻)	鍾 (7)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	III
Fanqie	餘封切
Baxter	yowng
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/jɨoŋ/
Pan Wuyun	/jioŋ/
Shao Rongfen	/ioŋ/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/juawŋ/
Li Rong	/ioŋ/
Wang Li	/jĭwoŋ/
Bernhard Karlgren	/i̯woŋ/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	yóng
Expected Cantonese Reflex	jung⁴

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*loŋ/

(Zhengzhang): /*loŋ/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	傭
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	yōng
Middle Chinese	‹ yowng ›
Old Chinese	/*loŋ/
English	hire
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	傭
Reading #	2/2
No.	15444
Phonetic component	用
Rime group	東
Rime subdivision	0
Corresponding MC rime	容
Old Chinese	/*loŋ/
Notes	庸轉註字見莊子

Definitions

傭

servant; maid
to employ; to hire
(obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) salary; wages
(obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) alternative form of 庸 (“ordinary; mediocre; a kind of tax during the Tang dynasty”)

Compounds

傭人 / 佣人
傭人領班 / 佣人领班
傭作 / 佣作
傭保 / 佣保
傭僕 / 佣仆
傭兵 / 佣兵 (yōngbīng)
傭婦 / 佣妇 (yōngfù)
傭婢 / 佣婢
傭工 / 佣工 (yōnggōng)
傭給 / 佣给
傭耕 / 佣耕
僱傭 / 雇佣 (gùyōng)
女傭 / 女佣 (nǚyōng)
家傭 / 家佣
幫傭 / 帮佣 (bāngyōng)
德潤傭書 / 德润佣书

Pronunciation 2

Mandarin
(Pinyin): chōng (chong¹)

(Zhuyin): ㄔㄨㄥ
Cantonese (Jyutping): cung¹

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: chōng
  - Zhuyin: ㄔㄨㄥ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: chong
  - Wade–Giles: chʻung¹
  - Yale: chūng
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: chong
  - Palladius: чун (čun)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ʈ͡ʂʰʊŋ⁵⁵/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
  - Jyutping: cung¹
  - Yale: chūng
  - Cantonese Pinyin: tsung¹
  - Guangdong Romanization: cung¹
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡sʰʊŋ⁵⁵/

Middle Chinese: trhjowng

Rime
Character	傭
Reading #	2/2
Initial (聲)	徹 (10)
Final (韻)	鍾 (7)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	III
Fanqie	丑凶切
Baxter	trhjowng
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/ʈʰɨoŋ/
Pan Wuyun	/ʈʰioŋ/
Shao Rongfen	/ȶʰioŋ/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/ʈʰuawŋ/
Li Rong	/ȶʰioŋ/
Wang Li	/ȶʰĭwoŋ/
Bernhard Karlgren	/ȶʰi̯woŋ/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	chōng
Expected Cantonese Reflex	cung¹

Old Chinese
(Zhengzhang): /*l̥ʰoŋ/

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	傭
Reading #	1/2
No.	15437
Phonetic component	用
Rime group	東
Rime subdivision	0
Corresponding MC rime	蹱
Old Chinese	/*l̥ʰoŋ/

Definitions

傭

(obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) equal; even; fair; just

References

“傭”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎^[1], 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–

Japanese

Kanji

傭

(Jinmeiyō kanji)

employ, hire

Readings

Go-on: よ (yo)
Kan-on: よう (yō)
On: ちょう (chō)
Kun: やとう (yatou, 傭う)

Compounds

傭兵(ようへい) (yōhei): hired soldier
雇傭(こよう) (koyō): employment
試傭(しよう) (shiyō): trial employment
常傭(じょうよう) (jōyō): regular employment
被傭者(ひようしゃ) (hiyōsha): employee

Kanji in this term
傭
よう Jinmeiyō
on'yomi

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): [jo̞ː]

Affix

傭(よう) • (yō)

hire; employ

Korean

Etymology 1

From Middle Chinese 傭 (MC yowng). Recorded as Middle Korean 요ᇰ (ywong) (Yale: yong) in Hunmong Jahoe (訓蒙字會 / 훈몽자회), 1527.

Hanja

傭 (eumhun 품팔이 용 (pumpari yong))

hanja form^? of 용 (“employ; hire”)

Compounds

고용 (雇傭, goyong)
용병 (傭兵, yongbyeong)

Etymology 2

From Middle Chinese 傭 (MC trhjowng).

Hanja

傭 (eumhun 고를 총 (goreul chong))

(literary Chinese) hanja form^? of 총 (“even; fair”)

References

국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典. [2]