懺

See also: 忏 and 懴

懺	U+61FA, 懺 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-61FA

← 懹
[U+61F9]

CJK Unified Ideographs

懻 →
[U+61FB]

Translingual

Han character

懺 (Kangxi radical 61, 心+17, 20 strokes, cangjie input 心人戈一 (POIM), four-corner 9305₀, composition ⿰忄韱)

Derived characters

𭍃

References

Kangxi Dictionary: page 408, character 34
Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 11478
Dae Jaweon: page 750, character 9
Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 4, page 2370, character 15
Unihan data for U+61FA

Chinese

trad.		懺
simp.		忏^*
alternative forms		懴讖／谶

Glyph origin

Characters in the same phonetic series (韱) (Zhengzhang, 2003)

	Old Chinese
讖	*sʰrims
攕	*sreːm
櫼	sreːm, ʔsem
懺	*sʰraːms
殲	*ʔsem
瀸	*ʔsem
鑯	*ʔsem
虃	*ʔslem
籤	*sʰem
韯	*sem
纖	*sem
孅	*sem
韱	*sem
襳	sem, srem, *srim

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *sʰraːms): semantic 心 (“heart”) + phonetic 韱 (OC *sem).

Etymology

Clipping of 懺摩 (MC tsrhaemH ma, “repentance”), from Sanskrit क्षमा (kṣamā, “patience; forbearance; indulgence”).

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): chàn (chan⁴)

(Zhuyin): ㄔㄢˋ
Cantonese (Jyutping): caam³ / cim³
Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): cang³ / cieng³
Southern Min
(Hokkien, POJ): chhàm

(Teochew, Peng'im): cam³ / ciam¹
Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): ⁵tshe

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: chàn
  - Zhuyin: ㄔㄢˋ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: chàn
  - Wade–Giles: chʻan⁴
  - Yale: chàn
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: chann
  - Palladius: чань (čanʹ)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ʈ͡ʂʰän⁵¹/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
  - Jyutping: caam³ / cim³
  - Yale: chaam / chim
  - Cantonese Pinyin: tsaam³ / tsim³
  - Guangdong Romanization: cam³ / qim³
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡sʰaːm³³/, /t͡sʰiːm³³/
Puxian Min
- (Putian)
  - Pouseng Ping'ing: cang³
  - Báⁿ-uā-ci̍: châng
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡sʰaŋ⁴⁵³/
- (Xianyou)
  - Pouseng Ping'ing: cang³
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡sʰaŋ³³²/
- (Putian)
  - Pouseng Ping'ing: cieng³
  - Báⁿ-uā-ci̍: chiâng
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡sʰiɛŋ⁴⁵³/
- (Xianyou)
  - Pouseng Ping'ing: cieng³
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡sʰiɛŋ³³²/
Southern Min
- (Hokkien)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chhàm
  - Tâi-lô: tshàm
  - Phofsit Daibuun: zhaxm
  - IPA (Xiamen): /t͡sʰam²¹/
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /t͡sʰam⁴¹/
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /t͡sʰam²¹/
  - IPA (Taipei): /t͡sʰam¹¹/
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /t͡sʰam²¹/
- (Teochew)
  - Peng'im: cam³ / ciam¹
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: tshàm / tshiam
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡sʰam²¹³/, /t͡sʰiam³³/

Note: ciam1 - 俗讀.

Wu
- (Northern: Shanghai)
  - Wugniu: ⁵tshe
  - MiniDict: tshe^去
  - Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): ²tshe
  - Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /t͡sʰe³⁴/

Middle Chinese: tsrhaemH

Rime
Character	懺
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	初 (19)
Final (韻)	銜 (149)
Tone (調)	Departing (H)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	II
Fanqie	楚鑑切
Baxter	tsrhaemH
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/t͡ʃʰˠam^H/
Pan Wuyun	/ʈ͡ʂʰᵚam^H/
Shao Rongfen	/t͡ʃʰam^H/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/ʈ͡ʂʰaɨm^H/
Li Rong	/t͡ʃʰam^H/
Wang Li	/t͡ʃʰam^H/
Bernhard Karlgren	/ʈ͡ʂʰam^H/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	chàn
Expected Cantonese Reflex	caam³

Old Chinese
(Zhengzhang): /*sʰraːms/

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	懺
Reading #	1/1
No.	13476
Phonetic component	韱
Rime group	談
Rime subdivision	1
Corresponding MC rime
Old Chinese	/*sʰraːms/
Notes	梵譯kṣama

Definitions

懺

to repent
to confess on account of repentance

Compounds

大悲懺 / 大悲忏
寶懺 / 宝忏
悔過自懺 / 悔过自忏
懺七 / 忏七
懺事 / 忏事
懺悔 / 忏悔 (chànhuǐ)
懺悔錄 / 忏悔录
懺法 / 忏法
懺禮 / 忏礼
拜懺 / 拜忏 (bàichàn)
拜水懺 / 拜水忏
梁皇寶懺 / 梁皇宝忏
梁皇懺
水懺 / 水忏
禮懺 / 礼忏
經懺 / 经忏

References

“懺”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎^[1], 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–
莆田市荔城区档案馆 [Putian City Licheng District Archives], editor (2022), “忏”, in 莆仙方言文读字汇 [Puxian Dialect Literary Reading Dictionary] (overall work in Mandarin and Puxian Min), page 26.

Japanese

Kanji

懺

(Hyōgai kanji)

This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

Readings

Go-on: ぜん (zen)^{←ぜむ (zemu, historical)}
Kan-on: さん (san)^{←さむ (samu, historical)}
Kan’yō-on: ざん (zan)
Kun: くいる (kuiru, 懺いる)

Korean

Hanja

懺 • (cham) (hangeul 참, revised cham, McCune–Reischauer ch'am, Yale cham)

This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

Vietnamese

Han character

懺: Hán Việt readings: sám^[1]^[2]^[3]^[4]^[5]^[6]
懺: Nôm readings: sám^[1]^[2]^[3], sắm^[1]^[2]^[3], rám^[1]

chữ Hán form of sám (“repent”)

References

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 ^1.3 Nguyễn (2014).
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 Nguyễn et al. (2009).
↑ ^3.0 ^3.1 ^3.2 Trần (2004).
^ Trần (1999).
^ Nguyễn (1974).
^ Thiều Chửu (1942).

[tdcndg-1] 1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 ^1.3 Nguyễn (2014).

[tdcntd-2] 2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 Nguyễn et al. (2009).

[gdhn-3] 3.0 ^3.1 ^3.2 Trần (2004).

[tvctdhv-4] Trần (1999).

[hvttd-5] Nguyễn (1974).

[tchvtd-6] Thiều Chửu (1942).

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]