濟

See also: 济 and 済
濟 U+6FDF, 濟
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-6FDF
← 濞
[U+6FDE] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 濠 →
[U+6FE0]

Translingual

Traditional 濟
Shinjitai 済
Simplified 济

Han character

濟 (Kangxi radical 85, 水+14, 17 strokes, cangjie input 水卜難 (EYX), four-corner 30123, composition ⿰氵齊)

Derived characters

  • 𫬵

Further reading

  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 656, character 1
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 18498
  • Dae Jaweon: page 1066, character 9
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 3, page 1771, character 12
  • Unihan data for U+6FDF

Chinese

trad. 濟
simp. 济
alternative forms
済
㴉
𣳵
𣸓
𣺴
済
㴉
𣳵
𣸓
𣺴
𤀮
 

Glyph origin

Characters in the same phonetic series (齊) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
儕 *zriːl
麡 *zriːl, *ʔsliːl, *zliːl
齋 *ʔsriːl
穧 *ʔsleds, *ʔsliːls, *zliːls
擠 *ʔsliːl, *ʔsliːls
躋 *ʔsliːl, *ʔsliːls
齏 *ʔsliːl
齎 *ʔsliːl, *ʔslil
櫅 *ʔsliːl
齌 *ʔsliːl, *sʰliːl, *zliːls
隮 *ʔsliːl, *ʔsliːls
賷 *ʔsliːl
虀 *ʔsliːl
濟 *ʔsliːlʔ, *ʔsliːls
癠 *ʔsliːlʔ, *zliːl, *zliːlʔ, *zliːls
霽 *ʔsliːls
齊 *zliːl, *zliːls
臍 *zliːl
蠐 *zliːl, *zlil
懠 *zliːl, *zliːls
薺 *zliːlʔ, *zlil
鱭 *zliːlʔ
嚌 *zliːls
劑 *zliːls, *ʔslel
齍 *ʔslil

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *ʔsliːlʔ, *ʔsliːls): semantic 水 (“water”) + phonetic 齊 (OC *zliːl, *zliːls).

Etymology 1

Austroasiatic. Possible base form, without nominal n-infix, of 西 (OC *snə̂i) (Schuessler, 2007). However, see there for other etymologies.

津 (OC *ʔslin) is its n-nominalized derivative (ibid.).

Pronunciation

Rime
Character 濟
Reading # 2/2
Initial (聲) 精 (13)
Final (韻) 齊 (39)
Tone (調) Departing (H)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) IV
Fanqie 子計切
Baxter tsejH
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/t͡seiH/
Pan
Wuyun 		/t͡seiH/
Shao
Rongfen 		/t͡sɛiH/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/t͡sɛjH/
Li
Rong 		/t͡seiH/
Wang
Li 		/t͡sieiH/
Bernhard
Karlgren 		/t͡sieiH/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		jì
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		zai3
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 濟 濟
Reading # 4/5 5/5
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		jì jì
Middle
Chinese 		‹ tsejH › ‹ tsejH ›
Old
Chinese 		/*[ts]ˁ[i]j(ʔ)-s/ /*[ts]ˁ[i]j(ʔ)-s/
English cross a stream; rescue stop

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 濟
Reading # 2/2
No. 10048
Phonetic
component 		齊
Rime
group 		脂
Rime
subdivision 		1
Corresponding
MC rime 		霽
Old
Chinese 		/*ʔsliːls/

Definitions

濟

  1. to cross a river; to ferry
  2. to help; to aid; to relieve
  3. to be of help; useful

Compounds

  • 不存不濟 / 不存不济
  • 不存濟 / 不存济
  • 不濟 / 不济 (bùjì)
  • 不濟事 / 不济事
  • 不經濟 / 不经济
  • 不良事濟 / 不良事济
  • 不通濟 / 不通济
  • 以水濟水 / 以水济水
  • 伯濟國 / 伯济国
  • 低碳經濟 / 低碳经济 (dītàn jīngjì)
  • 俵濟 / 俵济
  • 假公濟私 / 假公济私 (jiǎgōngjìsī)
  • 公私兩濟 / 公私两济
  • 共濟一堂 / 共济一堂
  • 兼濟 / 兼济
  • 剛柔並濟 / 刚柔并济
  • 剛柔相濟 / 刚柔相济 (gāngróuxiāngjì)
  • 力濟九區 / 力济九区
  • 功濟宇內 / 功济宇内
  • 劫富濟貧 / 劫富济贫 (jiéfùjìpín)
  • 匡俗濟時 / 匡俗济时
  • 匡時濟世 / 匡时济世 (kuāngshíjìshì)
  • 匡時濟俗 / 匡时济俗
  • 匡濟 / 匡济 (kuāngjì)
  • 匡濟之才 / 匡济之才
  • 博愛濟群 / 博爱济群
  • 博施濟眾 / 博施济众
  • 博濟醫院 / 博济医院
  • 史瓦濟蘭同惡相濟 / 史瓦济兰同恶相济
  • 同濟 / 同济 (tóngjì)
  • 同舟共濟 / 同舟共济 (tóngzhōugòngjì)
  • 同舟而濟 / 同舟而济
  • 同船濟水 / 同船济水
  • 周濟 / 周济 (zhōujì)
  • 和衷共濟 / 和衷共济 (hézhōnggòngjì)
  • 命運兩濟 / 命运两济
  • 失業救濟 / 失业救济
  • 存濟 / 存济
  • 安濟坊 / 安济坊
  • 寬猛相濟 / 宽猛相济
  • 幹濟 / 干济
  • 康濟 / 康济
  • 康濟錄 / 康济录
  • 得濟 / 得济
  • 恩威並濟 / 恩威并济
  • 慈濟大學 / 慈济大学
  • 懸壺濟世 / 悬壶济世 (xuánhújìshì)
  • 才能幹濟 / 才能干济
  • 扶傾濟弱 / 扶倾济弱
  • 扶危濟困 / 扶危济困
  • 拔刀相濟 / 拔刀相济
  • 拔濟 / 拔济
  • 拔濟火宅 / 拔济火宅
  • 拯溺濟危 / 拯溺济危
  • 振貧濟乏 / 振贫济乏
  • 捐軀濟難 / 捐躯济难
  • 接濟 / 接济 (jiējì)
  • 撥亂濟危 / 拨乱济危
  • 撥亂濟時 / 拨乱济时
  • 救濟 / 救济 (jiùjì)
  • 救濟金 / 救济金 (jiùjìjīn)
  • 救濟院 / 救济院
  • 文武兼濟 / 文武兼济
  • 斐濟 / 斐济 (Fěijì)
  • 方濟谷派 / 方济谷派
  • 於事無濟 / 于事无济
  • 時運不濟 / 时运不济 (shíyùnbùjì)
  • 普濟寺 / 普济寺
  • 普濟眾生 / 普济众生
  • 普濟群生 / 普济群生
  • 本事不濟 / 本事不济
  • 永濟渠 / 永济渠
  • 津濟 / 津济
  • 濟世 / 济世 (jìshì)
  • 濟世之才 / 济世之才
  • 濟世匡時 / 济世匡时
  • 濟世安人 / 济世安人
  • 濟世安民 / 济世安民
  • 濟世安邦 / 济世安邦
  • 濟世愛民 / 济世爱民
  • 濟世救人 / 济世救人
  • 濟世經邦 / 济世经邦
  • 濟事 / 济事 (jìshì)
  • 濟人 / 济人
  • 濟人利物 / 济人利物
  • 濟公傳 / 济公传
  • 濟公活佛 / 济公活佛
  • 濟助 / 济助
  • 濟勝之具 / 济胜之具
  • 濟困扶危 / 济困扶危
  • 濟寒賑貧 / 济寒赈贫
  • 濟州 / 济州 (Jìzhōu)
  • 濟度 / 济度
  • 濟弱扶傾 / 济弱扶倾
  • 濟弱扶危 / 济弱扶危
  • 濟弱鋤強 / 济弱锄强
  • 濟急 / 济急
  • 濟惡 / 济恶
  • 濟惠 / 济惠
  • 濟拔 / 济拔
  • 濟時拯世 / 济时拯世
  • 濟時行道 / 济时行道
  • 濟河焚舟 / 济河焚舟
  • 濟渡 / 济渡
  • 濟生 / 济生
  • 濟美 / 济美
  • 濟苦憐貧 / 济苦怜贫
  • 濟貧 / 济贫 (jìpín)
  • 濟貧拔苦 / 济贫拔苦
  • 濟顛 / 济颠
  • 災害救濟 / 灾害救济
  • 無存濟 / 无存济
  • 無濟於事 / 无济于事 (wújìyúshì)
  • 無濟無主 / 无济无主
  • 爛不濟 / 烂不济
  • 痊濟 / 痊济
  • 百濟 / 百济 (Bǎijì)
  • 相濟 / 相济 (xiāngjì)
  • 社會救濟 / 社会救济
  • 經世濟民 / 经世济民 (jīngshìjìmín)
  • 經國濟民 / 经国济民
  • 經濟 / 经济 (jīngjì)
  • 經綸濟世 / 经纶济世
  • 緩不濟急 / 缓不济急 (huǎnbùjìjí)
  • 緩急相濟 / 缓急相济
  • 自力救濟 / 自力救济 (zìlì jiùjì)
  • 蔣濟 / 蒋济
  • 行政救濟 / 行政救济
  • 表裡相濟 / 表里相济
  • 賑濟 / 赈济 (zhènjì)
  • 賑窮濟乏 / 赈穷济乏
  • 賙濟 / 赒济 (zhōujì)
  • 通濟渠 / 通济渠
  • 道濟 / 道济
  • 道濟天下 / 道济天下
  • 開濟 / 开济
  • 難存濟 / 难存济
  • 額濟納河 / 额济纳河
  • 額爾濟斯河 / 额尔济斯河
  • 養濟 / 养济
  • 養濟院 / 养济院
  • 首尾共濟 / 首尾共济
  • 鳳毛濟美 / 凤毛济美

Etymology 2

Pronunciation

Rime
Character 濟
Reading # 1/2
Initial (聲) 精 (13)
Final (韻) 齊 (39)
Tone (調) Rising (X)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) IV
Fanqie 子禮切
Baxter tsejX
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/t͡seiX/
Pan
Wuyun 		/t͡seiX/
Shao
Rongfen 		/t͡sɛiX/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/t͡sɛjX/
Li
Rong 		/t͡seiX/
Wang
Li 		/t͡sieiX/
Bernhard
Karlgren 		/t͡sieiX/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		jǐ
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		zai2
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 濟 濟 濟
Reading # 1/5 2/5 3/5
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		jǐ jǐ jǐ
Middle
Chinese 		‹ tsejX › ‹ tsejX › ‹ tsejX ›
Old
Chinese 		/*[ts]ˁ[i]jʔ/ /*[ts]ˁəjʔ/ /*[ts]ˁəjʔ/
English numerous stately [river name]

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 濟
Reading # 1/2
No. 10043
Phonetic
component 		齊
Rime
group 		脂
Rime
subdivision 		1
Corresponding
MC rime
Old
Chinese 		/*ʔsliːlʔ/

Definitions

濟

  1. (～水) Ji River
  2. used in 濟濟／济济 (jǐjǐ, “horde of people; multitude”)

Compounds

Etymology 3

trad. 濟
simp. 济
alternative forms
多
㩼 chiefly Teochew
穧／𰨦
侈
儕／侪
多
㩼 chiefly Teochew
穧／𰨦
侈
儕／侪
価
眾／众
嚌／哜
𧪇
䜞
諸／诸
 

Yue-Hashimoto (1976) relates it to Proto-Tai *ʰlaːjᴬ (“many; much”), whence Zhuang lai. This Tai word is probably related to 多 (OC *ʔl'aːl) (Schuessler, 2007).

Pronunciation

Definitions

濟

  1. (Min) many; much
Synonyms
Dialectal synonyms of 多 (“many; much”) [map]
Variety Location Words
Classical Chinese 多, 夥
Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 多
Northeastern Mandarin Beijing 多
Taiwan 多
Harbin 多
Malaysia 多
Singapore 多
Jilu Mandarin Jinan 多
Jiaoliao Mandarin Yantai (Muping) 多
Central Plains Mandarin Luoyang 多
Wanrong 多
Xi'an 多
Xining 多
Lanyin Mandarin Yinchuan 多
Lanzhou 多
Ürümqi 多, 托洛
Southwestern Mandarin Chengdu 多
Wuhan 多
Guiyang 多
Guilin 多
Liuzhou 多
Jianghuai Mandarin Nanjing 多, 歹
Yangzhou 多
Hefei 多
Cantonese Guangzhou 多
Hong Kong 多
Taishan 多
Dongguan 多
Yangjiang 多
Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu) 多
Singapore (Guangfu) 多
Gan Nanchang 多
Lichuan 多
Pingxiang 多
Hakka Meixian 多
Changting 多
Wuping 多
Liancheng 多
Ninghua 多
Yudu 多
Miaoli (N. Sixian) 多
Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) 多
Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) 多
Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) 多
Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) 多
Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) 多
Singapore (Dabu) 多
Huizhou Jixi 多
Jin Taiyuan 多
Xinzhou 多
Northern Min Jian'ou 濟
Jian'ou (Dikou) 濟
Songxi 濟
Zhenghe 濟
Zhenghe (Zhenqian) 濟
Jianyang 濟
Jianyang (Huangkeng) 夥
Wuyishan 濟
Pucheng (Shibei) 濟
Eastern Min Fuzhou 濟
Fuzhou (Changle) 濟
Fuqing 濟
Pingtan 濟
Yongtai 濟
Minqing 濟
Gutian 濟
Pingnan 濟
Luoyuan 濟
Fu'an 濟
Ningde 濟
Xiapu 濟
Zherong 濟
Shouning 濟
Zhouning 濟
Fuding 濟
Matsu 濟
Singapore (Fuqing) 濟
Southern Min Xiamen 濟, 加
Xiamen (Tong'an) 濟
Quanzhou 濟
Jinjiang 濟
Nan'an 濟
Shishi 濟
Hui'an 濟
Anxi 濟
Yongchun 濟
Dehua 濟
Zhangzhou 濟
Zhangzhou (Longhai) 濟
Zhangzhou (Changtai) 濟
Hua'an 濟
Nanjing 濟
Pinghe 濟
Zhangpu 濟
Yunxiao 濟
Zhao'an 濟
Dongshan 濟
Taipei 濟
New Taipei (Sanxia) 濟
Kaohsiung 濟
Yilan 濟
Changhua (Lukang) 濟
Taichung 濟
Tainan 濟
Hsinchu 濟
Kinmen 濟
Penghu (Magong) 濟
Penang (Hokkien) 濟
Singapore (Hokkien) 濟
Manila (Hokkien) 濟
Longyan 濟
Zhangping 濟
Datian 濟
Chaozhou 濟, 加
Shantou 濟
Shantou (Chenghai) 濟
Shantou (Chaoyang) 濟
Jieyang 濟
Haifeng 濟
Singapore (Teochew) 濟
Pontianak (Teochew) 濟
Leizhou 濟
Wenchang 濟
Haikou 濟
Qionghai 濟
Singapore (Hainanese) 濟
Puxian Min Putian 濟, 豐, 萬士
Putian (Donghai, Chengxiang) 濟
Putian (Jiangkou, Hanjiang) 濟
Putian (Nanri, Xiuyu) 濟, 豐, 萬士
Xianyou 濟
Xianyou (Fengting) 濟
Xianyou (Youyang) 濟
Central Min Yong'an 濟
Sanming (Sanyuan) 濟
Sanming (Shaxian) 濟
Zhongshan Min Zhongshan (Longdu, Shaxi) 濟
Zhongshan (Sanxiang) 濟
Southern Pinghua Nanning (Tingzi) 多
Wu Shanghai 多
Shanghai (Chongming) 多
Suzhou 多
Danyang 多
Hangzhou 多
Ningbo 多
Wenzhou 多
Jinhua 多
Xiang Changsha 多
Loudi 多
Shuangfeng 多
Hengyang 多

Compounds

References

Japanese

Shinjitai

済

Kyūjitai

濟

Kanji

濟

(Hyōgai kanji, kyūjitai kanji, shinjitai form 済)

  1. Kyūjitai form of 済

Readings

  • Go-on: さい (sai)
  • Kan-on: せい (sei)
  • Kun: すむ (sumu, 濟む)、すます (sumasu, 濟ます)、わたる (wataru, 濟る)、すくう (sukuu, 濟う)、なす (nasu, 濟す)

Korean

Etymology

“to help; etc.”

From Middle Chinese 濟 (MC tsejH).

Historical Readings
Dongguk Jeongun Reading
Dongguk Jeongun, 1448 Recorded as Middle Korean 졩〮 (Yale: cyéy?) in Dongguk Jeongun (東國正韻 / 동국정운), 1448.
Middle Korean
Text Eumhun
Gloss (hun) Reading
Hunmong Jahoe, 1527 거느〮릴〯 졔〯 / 건널〮 졔〯 Recorded as Middle Korean 졔〯 (cyěy) (Yale: cyěy) in Hunmong Jahoe (訓蒙字會 / 훈몽자회), 1527.
Early Modern Korean
Text Final (韻) Reading
Samun Seonghwi, 1751 건널 졔 Recorded as Early Modern Korean 졔 (Yale: cyey) in Juhae Cheonjamun (註解千字文 / 주해천자문), 1804.
“many”

From Middle Chinese 濟 (MC tsejX).

Historical Readings
Dongguk Jeongun Reading
Dongguk Jeongun, 1448 Recorded as Middle Korean 졩〯 (Yale: cyěy?) in Dongguk Jeongun (東國正韻 / 동국정운), 1448.
Early Modern Korean
Text Final (韻) Reading
Samun Seonghwi, 1751 셩ᄒᆞᆯ 졔 Recorded as Early Modern Korean 졔 (Yale: cyey) in Juhae Cheonjamun (註解千字文 / 주해천자문), 1804.

Pronunciation

  • (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA(key): [t͡ɕe̞(ː)]
  • Phonetic hangul: [제(ː)]
    • Though still prescribed in Standard Korean, most speakers in both Koreas no longer distinguish vowel length.

Hanja

Wikisource

濟 (eumhun 건널 제 (geonneol je))

  1. hanja form? of 제 (“to help; to aid; to relieve”)
  2. (literary) hanja form? of 제 (“to cross a river”)
  3. (literary) hanja form? of 제 (“many”)
    제제 (濟濟) ― jeje ― (of people) many

Compounds

References

  • 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典. [3]

Vietnamese

Han character

濟: Hán Việt readings: tế (子(tử)禮(lễ)切(thiết))[1][2][3][4]
濟: Nôm readings: tế[1][3][5]

  1. chữ Hán form of tế (“to help; to aid; to relieve”)

Compounds

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Nguyễn et al. (2009).
  2. ^ Trần (2004).
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Bonet (1899).
  4. ^ Génibrel (1898).
  5. ^ Taberd & Pigneau de Béhaine (1838).
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