pauper

English

Etymology

Learned borrowing from Latin pauper (“poor”). Originally a legal term.[1] Doublet of poor.

Pronunciation

Noun

pauper (plural paupers)

  1. One who is extremely poor.
    Synonyms: see Thesaurus:pauper
  2. One living on or eligible for public charity.

Derived terms

Translations

The translations below need to be checked and inserted above into the appropriate translation tables. See instructions at Wiktionary:Entry layout § Translations.
Translations to be checked

Verb

pauper (third-person singular simple present paupers, present participle paupering, simple past and past participle paupered)

  1. (transitive) To make a pauper of; to drive into poverty.
    • 2017, Naomi Rawlings, Love's Christmas Hope:
      “There's no sense in you paupering yourself because you're too stubborn to take my money.”

See also

References

  1. ^ Douglas Harper (2001–2025) “pauper”, in Online Etymology Dictionary.

Further reading

Dalmatian

Alternative forms

Etymology

Learned borrowing from Latin pauper.

Adjective

pauper

  1. poor

Dutch

Etymology

Borrowed from Latin pauper.

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): /ˈpɑu̯.pər/
  • Audio:(file)
  • Hyphenation: pau‧per

Noun

pauper m (plural paupers, diminutive paupertje n)

  1. (informal, often derogatory) a pauper

Derived terms

  • pauperbak

Latin

Etymology

From Proto-Italic *pawoparos (a thematic adjective, which was switched to the third declension in Latin analogically), from a compound beginning with Proto-Indo-European *peh₂w- (“few, small”) (compare English few). The origin of the second element, -per, is less certain, but probably *perh₃- (“to grant, bestow, provide”) (compare Ancient Greek ἔπορον (époron, “to supply, grant, pay”)), therefore the compound meant “providing little”.[1]

Pronunciation

Adjective

pauper (genitive pauperis, comparative pauperior, superlative pauperrimus); third-declension one-termination adjective (non-i-stem)

  1. poor
    Synonyms: egens, inops, exiguus
    Antonyms: opulentus, dives, dis, ditis, opulens, locuples, pecuniosus
    • c. 4 BCE – 65 CE, Seneca the Younger, Epistulae Morales ad Lucilium 1.2.6:
      Illa vērō nōn est paupertās, sī laeta est; nōn quī parum habet, sed quī plūs cupit, pauper est.
      [Seneca has just quoted Epicurus regarding “cheerful” poverty:] But truly, it is not poverty if it is cheerful; it is not the one who has little, but the one who craves more, who is poor.

Declension

Third-declension one-termination adjective (non-i-stem).

singular plural
masc./fem. neuter masc./fem. neuter
nominative pauper pauperēs paupera
genitive pauperis pauperum
dative pauperī pauperibus
accusative pauperem pauper pauperēs paupera
ablative paupere pauperibus
vocative pauper pauperēs paupera
  • In Late or Vulgar Latin, this third declension adjective seems to have been regularized to first/second declension, like in the attested forms pauperus and paupera

Derived terms

Descendants

  • Asturian: probe
  • Catalan: pobre
  • Franco-Provençal: pouv(r)o
  • Friulian: puar, pùar
  • Istriot: puovari
  • Italian: povero
  • Lombard: pòor, pòr, pòver, pòvar, poret, poaret
  • Occitan: paure
  • Old French: povre
  • Old Galician-Portuguese: pobre
  • Piedmontese: pòver, pòr, povr
  • Romansch: pover
  • Sardinian: poaru, pobaru, poberu
  • Sicilian: pòviru, pòvuru, povru
  • Spanish: pobre
  • Venetan: pore, poro, poaro, povaro
Learned borrowings

References

  1. ^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “pauper”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 451: “PIt. *pau(o)-pa/oro-; PIE *peh₂u-(o-)p(o)rh₃-o-”

Further reading

  • “pauper”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
  • “pauper”, in Charlton T. Lewis (1891) An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
  • pauper in Gaffiot, Félix (1934) Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette.
  • Carl Meißner, Henry William Auden (1894) Latin Phrase-Book‎[2], London: Macmillan and Co.
    • to raise a man from poverty to wealth: aliquem ex paupere divitem facere

Middle English

Noun

pauper

  1. alternative form of paper

Polish

Alternative forms

Etymology

Learned borrowing from Latin pauper.[1][2][3][4] First attested in the 19th century.[5]

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): /ˈpaw.pɛr/
  • Audio:(file)
  • Rhymes: -awpɛr
  • Syllabification: pau‧per

Noun

pauper m pers

  1. (archaic) pauper (poor person)
    Synonym: biedak
  2. (archaic, figuratively) pauper (person in a difficult situation)
    Synonym: biedak
  3. (historical, Middle Ages) pauper (poor student who lives off services or alms)
  4. (obsolete, humorous) synonym of ulicznik

Declension

Declension of pauper
singular plural
nominative pauper pauprowie/pauprzy
genitive paupra pauprów
dative pauprowi pauprom
accusative paupra pauprów
instrumental pauprem pauprami
locative pauprze pauprach
vocative pauprze pauprowie/pauprzy

[6]

References

  1. ^ Mirosław Bańko, Lidia Wiśniakowska (2021) “pauper”, in Wielki słownik wyrazów obcych, →ISBN
  2. ^ Stanisław Dubisz, editor (2003), “pauper”, in Uniwersalny słownik języka polskiego [Universal dictionary of the Polish language]‎[1] (in Polish), volumes 1-4, Warsaw: Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN SA, →ISBN
  3. ^ Halina Zgółkowa, editor (1994–2005), “pauper”, in Praktyczny słownik współczesnej polszczyzny, volumes 1–50, Poznań: Wydawnictwo Kurpisz, →ISBN
  4. ^ Witold Doroszewski, editor (1958–1969), “pauper”, in Słownik języka polskiego (in Polish), Warszawa: PWN
  5. ^ Aleksander Zdanowicz (1861) “pauper”, in Słownik języka polskiego, Wilno 1861
  6. ^ “pauper”, in Słownik gramatyczny języka polskiego [Grammatical Dictionary of Polish], 2022

Further reading

Romanian

Etymology

Borrowed from Latin pauper.

Adjective

pauper m or n (feminine singular pauperă, masculine plural pauperi, feminine and neuter plural paupere)

  1. poor

Declension

Declension of pauper
singular plural
masculine neuter feminine masculine neuter feminine
nominative-
accusative 		indefinite pauper pauperă pauperi paupere
definite pauperul paupera pauperii pauperele
genitive-
dative 		indefinite pauper paupere pauperi paupere
definite pauperului pauperei pauperilor pauperelor
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