pona

See also: pöna, póna, poña, and p’óna

Hawaiian

Ka pona o ka kō
Nā pona o nā ʻohe

Etymology

From Proto-Polynesian *pona (compare with Maori pona, Rarotongan pona, Tahitian pona).[1][2] Compare with Malay buku and Tagalog buko (themselves cognate of puʻu) for similar semantic developments within the same family.

Noun

pona

  1. node of bamboo or sugarcanes
  2. joint of bones, fingers
    Synonym: puʻu

References

  1. ^ Pukui, Mary Kawena, Elbert, Samuel H. (1986) “puna”, in Hawaiian Dictionary, revised & enlarged edition, Honolulu, HI: University of Hawai'i Press, →ISBN, pages 339-40
  2. ^ Ross Clark and Simon J. Greenhill, editors (2011), “pona”, in “POLLEX-Online: The Polynesian Lexicon Project Online”, in Oceanic Linguistics, volume 50, number 2, pages 551-559

Kituba

Verb

pona

  1. to choose

Ladin

Adverb

pona

  1. then; later

Synonyms

  • dò; dapò; dapodò

Maori

Etymology 1

From Proto-Polynesian *pona (compare with Hawaiian pona, Rarotongan pona, and Tahitian pona).[1] Compare with Malay buku and Tagalog buko (themselves cognate of puku “swelling”) for similar semantic developments within the same family.

Noun

pona

  1. node or knot of grass stalks etc
  2. joint of a limb (legs, arms)
    1. knuckle

References

  1. ^ Ross Clark and Simon J. Greenhill, editors (2011), “pona”, in “POLLEX-Online: The Polynesian Lexicon Project Online”, in Oceanic Linguistics, volume 50, number 2, pages 551-559

Etymology 2

From sense of node/knot in Etymology 1.

Sense of 'portable' is semantic extension < 'sachet' < 'tied item' < 'knot of rope'

Noun

pona

  1. knot (of a rope)
  2. sachet, parcel

Verb

pona

  1. to tie or fasten in a knot

Adjective

pona

  1. portable, compact
    rorohiko pona: laptop

Further reading

  • Williams, Herbert William (1917) “pona”, in A Dictionary of the Maori Language, page 338
  • “pona” in John C. Moorfield, Te Aka: Maori–English, English–Maori Dictionary and Index, 3rd edition, Longman/Pearson Education New Zealand, 2011, →ISBN.

Swahili

Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Bantu [Term?].

Pronunciation

  • Audio (Kenya):(file)

Verb

-pona (infinitive kupona)

  1. to heal, to recover
  2. to survive

Conjugation

Conjugation of -pona
Positive present -napona
Subjunctive -pone
Negative -poni
Imperative singular pona
Infinitives
Positive kupona
Negative kutopona
Imperatives
Singular pona
Plural poneni
Tensed forms
Habitual hupona
Positive past positive subject concord + -lipona
Negative past negative subject concord + -kupona
Positive present (positive subject concord + -napona)
Singular Plural
1st person ninapona/napona tunapona
2nd person unapona mnapona
3rd person m-wa(I/II) anapona wanapona
other classes positive subject concord + -napona
Negative present (negative subject concord + -poni)
Singular Plural
1st person siponi hatuponi
2nd person huponi hamponi
3rd person m-wa(I/II) haponi hawaponi
other classes negative subject concord + -poni
Positive future positive subject concord + -tapona
Negative future negative subject concord + -tapona
Positive subjunctive (positive subject concord + -pone)
Singular Plural
1st person nipone tupone
2nd person upone mpone
3rd person m-wa(I/II) apone wapone
other classes positive subject concord + -pone
Negative subjunctive positive subject concord + -sipone
Positive present conditional positive subject concord + -ngepona
Negative present conditional positive subject concord + -singepona
Positive past conditional positive subject concord + -ngalipona
Negative past conditional positive subject concord + -singalipona
Gnomic (positive subject concord + -apona)
Singular Plural
1st person napona twapona
2nd person wapona mwapona
3rd person m-wa(I/II) apona wapona
m-mi(III/IV) wapona yapona
ji-ma(V/VI) lapona yapona
ki-vi(VII/VIII) chapona vyapona
n(IX/X) yapona zapona
u(XI) wapona see n(X) or ma(VI) class
ku(XV/XVII) kwapona
pa(XVI) papona
mu(XVIII) mwapona
Perfect positive subject concord + -mepona
"Already" positive subject concord + -meshapona
"Not yet" negative subject concord + -japona
"If/When" positive subject concord + -kipona
"If not" positive subject concord + -sipopona
Consecutive kapona / positive subject concord + -kapona
Consecutive subjunctive positive subject concord + -kapone
Object concord (indicative positive)
Singular Plural
1st person -nipona -tupona
2nd person -kupona -wapona/-kuponeni/-waponeni
3rd person m-wa(I/II) -mpona -wapona
m-mi(III/IV) -upona -ipona
ji-ma(V/VI) -lipona -yapona
ki-vi(VII/VIII) -kipona -vipona
n(IX/X) -ipona -zipona
u(XI) -upona see n(X) or ma(VI) class
ku(XV/XVII) -kupona
pa(XVI) -papona
mu(XVIII) -mupona
Reflexive -jipona
Relative forms
General positive (positive subject concord + (object concord) + -pona- + relative marker)
Singular Plural
m-wa(I/II) -ponaye -ponao
m-mi(III/IV) -ponao -ponayo
ji-ma(V/VI) -ponalo -ponayo
ki-vi(VII/VIII) -ponacho -ponavyo
n(IX/X) -ponayo -ponazo
u(XI) -ponao see n(X) or ma(VI) class
ku(XV/XVII) -ponako
pa(XVI) -ponapo
mu(XVIII) -ponamo
Other forms (subject concord + tense marker + relative marker + (object concord) + -pona)
Singular Plural
m-wa(I/II) -yepona -opona
m-mi(III/IV) -opona -yopona
ji-ma(V/VI) -lopona -yopona
ki-vi(VII/VIII) -chopona -vyopona
n(IX/X) -yopona -zopona
u(XI) -opona see n(X) or ma(VI) class
ku(XV/XVII) -kopona
pa(XVI) -popona
mu(XVIII) -mopona
Some forms not commonly seen in modern Standard Swahili are absent from the table. See Appendix:Swahili verbs for more information.

Derived terms

References

  • Tramutoli, Rosanna (2015) “'Love' Encoding in Swahili: a Semantic Description through a Corpus-Based Analysis”, in Swahili Forum‎[1], volume 22, →ISSN, page 92 of 72-103:
    The verb kutulia expresses the idea of ‘calming down’ (of the physical desire), which only the lover is able to cause. This idea is expressed in Swahili also by other emotional terms, such as kuburudisha ‘to refresh the mind, to chill out, to enjoy’ and burudani ‘entertainment’ (from the same lexical root of baridi ‘cold’), kupona: ‘to recover, to feel better (from kupoa: to cool down’).

Tahitian

Etymology

From Proto-Polynesian *pona.[1]

Noun

pona

  1. joint (of fingers and limbs)
  2. node (of bamboo)
  3. knot (of wood)

References

  1. ^ Ross Clark and Simon J. Greenhill, editors (2011), “pona”, in “POLLEX-Online: The Polynesian Lexicon Project Online”, in Oceanic Linguistics, volume 50, number 2, pages 551-559

Zou

Noun

pona

  1. shirt

References

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