ruka

See also: Ruka, rúka, and rūka

Czech

Etymology

Inherited from Old Czech ruka, from Proto-Slavic *rǫka, from Proto-Balto-Slavic *ránkāˀ.

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): [ˈruka]
  • Audio:(file)
  • Hyphenation: ru‧ka
  • Rhymes: -uka

Noun

ruka f (relational adjective ruční, diminutive ručka)

  1. hand
    Synonyms: pařát, pazour, pracka, tlapa
    kreslit od ruky ― to draw free-hand
    črtat od ruky ― to sketch free-hand
    dát do ruky ― to hand something to someone

Declension

Declension of ruka
singular plural dual
nominative ruka ruce ruce
genitive ruky ruk rukou
dative ruce rukám rukám
accusative ruku ruce ruce
vocative ruko ruce ruce
locative ruce rukách rukou, rukách
instrumental rukou rukami rukama
adjectives
nouns
verbs

Further reading

Finnish

Etymology

From Proto-Finnic *ruka.

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): /ˈrukɑ/, [ˈrukɑ̝]
  • Rhymes: -ukɑ
  • Syllabification(key): ru‧ka
  • Hyphenation(key): ru‧ka

Noun

ruka (dialectal, South Karelia, Tavastia, Ingria)

  1. dried, hardened resin
    Synonyms: kuivunut pihka, kovettunut pihka

Declension

Inflection of ruka (Kotus type 10*D/koira, k-∅ gradation)
nominative ruka ruat
genitive ruan rukien
partitive rukaa rukia
illative rukaan rukiin
singular plural
nominative ruka ruat
accusative nom. ruka ruat
gen. ruan
genitive ruan rukien
rukain rare
partitive rukaa rukia
inessive ruassa ruissa
elative ruasta ruista
illative rukaan rukiin
adessive rualla ruilla
ablative rualta ruilta
allative rualle ruille
essive rukana rukina
translative ruaksi ruiksi
abessive ruatta ruitta
instructive — ruin
comitative See the possessive forms below.
Possessive forms of ruka (Kotus type 10*D/koira, k-∅ gradation)
first-person singular possessor
singular plural
nominative rukani rukani
accusative nom. rukani rukani
gen. rukani
genitive rukani rukieni
rukaini rare
partitive rukaani rukiani
inessive ruassani ruissani
elative ruastani ruistani
illative rukaani rukiini
adessive ruallani ruillani
ablative rualtani ruiltani
allative rualleni ruilleni
essive rukanani rukinani
translative ruakseni ruikseni
abessive ruattani ruittani
instructive — —
comitative — rukineni
second-person singular possessor
singular plural
nominative rukasi rukasi
accusative nom. rukasi rukasi
gen. rukasi
genitive rukasi rukiesi
rukaisi rare
partitive rukaasi rukiasi
inessive ruassasi ruissasi
elative ruastasi ruistasi
illative rukaasi rukiisi
adessive ruallasi ruillasi
ablative rualtasi ruiltasi
allative ruallesi ruillesi
essive rukanasi rukinasi
translative ruaksesi ruiksesi
abessive ruattasi ruittasi
instructive — —
comitative — rukinesi
first-person plural possessor
singular plural
nominative rukamme rukamme
accusative nom. rukamme rukamme
gen. rukamme
genitive rukamme rukiemme
rukaimme rare
partitive rukaamme rukiamme
inessive ruassamme ruissamme
elative ruastamme ruistamme
illative rukaamme rukiimme
adessive ruallamme ruillamme
ablative rualtamme ruiltamme
allative ruallemme ruillemme
essive rukanamme rukinamme
translative ruaksemme ruiksemme
abessive ruattamme ruittamme
instructive — —
comitative — rukinemme
second-person plural possessor
singular plural
nominative rukanne rukanne
accusative nom. rukanne rukanne
gen. rukanne
genitive rukanne rukienne
rukainne rare
partitive rukaanne rukianne
inessive ruassanne ruissanne
elative ruastanne ruistanne
illative rukaanne rukiinne
adessive ruallanne ruillanne
ablative rualtanne ruiltanne
allative ruallenne ruillenne
essive rukananne rukinanne
translative ruaksenne ruiksenne
abessive ruattanne ruittanne
instructive — —
comitative — rukinenne
third-person possessor
singular plural
nominative rukansa rukansa
accusative nom. rukansa rukansa
gen. rukansa
genitive rukansa rukiensa
rukainsa rare
partitive rukaansa rukiaan
rukiansa
inessive ruassaan
ruassansa 		ruissaan
ruissansa
elative ruastaan
ruastansa 		ruistaan
ruistansa
illative rukaansa rukiinsa
adessive ruallaan
ruallansa 		ruillaan
ruillansa
ablative rualtaan
rualtansa 		ruiltaan
ruiltansa
allative rualleen
ruallensa 		ruilleen
ruillensa
essive rukanaan
rukanansa 		rukinaan
rukinansa
translative ruakseen
ruaksensa 		ruikseen
ruiksensa
abessive ruattaan
ruattansa 		ruittaan
ruittansa
instructive — —
comitative — rukineen
rukinensa

Derived terms

  • Rukatunturi

Ingrian

Etymology

From Proto-Finnic *ruka. Cognates include Finnish ruka and Veps ruga.

Pronunciation

  • (Ala-Laukaa) IPA(key): /ˈrukɑ/, [ˈrukɑ]
  • (Soikkola) IPA(key): /ˈrukɑ/, [ˈruɡ̊ɑ]
  • Rhymes: -ukɑ
  • Hyphenation: ru‧ka

Noun

ruka

  1. (hardened) resin

Declension

Declension of ruka (type 3/koira, k- gradation, gemination)
singular plural
nominative ruka ruat
genitive ruan rukkiin
partitive rukkaa rukkia
illative rukkaa rukkii
inessive ruas ruis
elative ruast ruist
allative rualle ruille
adessive rual ruil
ablative rualt ruilt
translative ruaks ruiks
essive rukanna, rukkaan rukinna, rukkiin
exessive1) rukant rukint
1) obsolete
*) the accusative corresponds with either the genitive (sg) or nominative (pl)
**) the comitative is formed by adding the suffix -ka? or -kä? to the genitive.

Derived terms

See also

  • pihka (“liquid resin”)

References

  • Ruben E. Nirvi (1971) Inkeroismurteiden Sanakirja, Helsinki: Suomalais-Ugrilainen Seura, page 490

Lower Sorbian

Etymology

From Proto-Slavic *rǫka, from Proto-Balto-Slavic *ránkāˀ.

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): /ˈruka/

Noun

ruka f (diminutive rucka)

  1. hand
  2. arm

Declension

Declension of ruka
Singular Dual Plural
Nominative ruka ruce ruki
Genitive ruki rukowu rukow
Dative ruce rukoma rukam
Accusative ruku ruce ruki
Instrumental ruku rukoma rukami
Locative ruce rukoma rukach

Further reading

  • Muka, Arnošt (1921, 1928) “ruka”, in Słownik dolnoserbskeje rěcy a jeje narěcow (in German), St. Petersburg, Prague: ОРЯС РАН, ČAVU; Reprinted Bautzen: Domowina-Verlag, 2008
  • Starosta, Manfred (1999) “ruka”, in Dolnoserbsko-nimski słownik / Niedersorbisch-deutsches Wörterbuch (in German), Bautzen: Domowina-Verlag

Mapudungun

Pronunciation

  • Audio:(file)

Noun

ruka (Raguileo spelling)

  1. house

Descendants

  • Spanish: ruca

References

  • Wixaleyiñ: Mapucezugun-wigkazugun pici hemvlcijka (Wixaleyiñ: Small Mapudungun-Spanish dictionary), Beretta, Marta; Cañumil, Dario; Cañumil, Tulio, 2008.

Old Czech

Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *rǫka, from Proto-Balto-Slavic *ránkāˀ.

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): (13th CE) /ˈruka/
  • IPA(key): (15th CE) /ˈruka/

Noun

ruka f

  1. hand

Declension

Declension of ruka (hard a-stem)
singular dual plural
nominative ruka rucě ruky
genitive ruky rukú ruk
dative rucě rukama rukám
accusative ruku rucě ruky
vocative ruko rucě ruky
locative rucě rukú rukách
instrumental rukú rukama rukami
This table shows the most common forms around the 13th century.
See also Appendix:Old Czech nouns and Appendix:Old Czech pronunciation.

Descendants

Further reading

Rwanda-Rundi

Verb

-ruka (infinitive kuruka, perfective -rutse)

  1. to vomit, to puke

Further reading

  • “kuruka” in Kinyarwanda-English Dictionary.

Serbo-Croatian

Alternative forms

Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *rǫka, from Proto-Balto-Slavic *ránkāˀ.

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): /rǔːka/
  • Hyphenation: ru‧ka

Noun

rúka f (Cyrillic spelling ру́ка, relational adjective rȕčnī, diminutive rùčica, augmentative ručètina)

  1. arm
  2. hand
    Synonym: šȁka
    rukom u ruci ― hand in hand

Declension

Declension of ruka
singular plural
nominative rúka rȗke
genitive rúkē rȕkū / rùkū / rúkā
dative rúci / rȗci rùkama
accusative rȗku rȗke
vocative rȗko rȗke
locative rúci rùkama
instrumental rúkōm rùkama

Note: the genitive plural rúkā is colloquial.

Derived terms

Further reading

  • “ruka”, in Hrvatski jezični portal [Croatian language portal] (in Serbo-Croatian), 2006–2025

Slavomolisano

Etymology

From Serbo-Croatian ruka.

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): /rǔːkḁ/

Noun

ruka f

  1. hand

Declension

Declension of ruka (series-2b fem)
singular plural
nominative ruka
 ruke
genitive ruke
 ruk, ruki
dative ruku
 rukami, ruki
accusative ruku
 ruke
locative ruku
 ruke
instrumental rukom
 rukami, ruki

References

  • Walter Breu and Giovanni Piccoli (2000), Dizionario croato molisano di Acquaviva Collecroce: Dizionario plurilingue della lingua slava della minoranza di provenienza dalmata di Acquaviva Collecroce in Provincia di Campobasso (Parte grammaticale).

Slovak

Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *rǫka, from Proto-Balto-Slavic *ránkāˀ.

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): [ˈruka]

Noun

ruka f (relational adjective ručný, diminutive rúčka or ručička)

  1. arm (upper limb)
    Synonym: rameno
  2. hand (with opposable thumb)
  3. a device similar to a hand or functioning as one
    drevená ruka ― a wooden hand (artificial limb)
  4. handwriting

Declension

Declension of ruka
(pattern žena)
singularplural
nominativerukaruky
genitiverukyrúk
dativerukerukám
accusativerukuruky
locativerukerukách
instrumentalrukourukami

Derived terms

Further reading

  • “ruka”, in Slovníkový portál Jazykovedného ústavu Ľ. Štúra SAV [Dictionary portal of the Ľ. Štúr Institute of Linguistics, Slovak Academy of Science] (in Slovak), https://slovnik.juls.savba.sk, 2003–2025

Swahili

Pronunciation

Verb

-ruka (infinitive kuruka)

  1. to jump
  2. to fly
  3. to transgress
  4. to denounce, refuse, decline, deny
  5. to shrink clothes

Conjugation

Conjugation of -ruka
Positive present -naruka
Subjunctive -ruke
Negative -ruki
Imperative singular ruka
Infinitives
Positive kuruka
Negative kutoruka
Imperatives
Singular ruka
Plural rukeni
Tensed forms
Habitual huruka
Positive past positive subject concord + -liruka
Negative past negative subject concord + -kuruka
Positive present (positive subject concord + -naruka)
Singular Plural
1st person ninaruka/naruka tunaruka
2nd person unaruka mnaruka
3rd person m-wa(I/II) anaruka wanaruka
other classes positive subject concord + -naruka
Negative present (negative subject concord + -ruki)
Singular Plural
1st person siruki haturuki
2nd person huruki hamruki
3rd person m-wa(I/II) haruki hawaruki
other classes negative subject concord + -ruki
Positive future positive subject concord + -taruka
Negative future negative subject concord + -taruka
Positive subjunctive (positive subject concord + -ruke)
Singular Plural
1st person niruke turuke
2nd person uruke mruke
3rd person m-wa(I/II) aruke waruke
other classes positive subject concord + -ruke
Negative subjunctive positive subject concord + -siruke
Positive present conditional positive subject concord + -ngeruka
Negative present conditional positive subject concord + -singeruka
Positive past conditional positive subject concord + -ngaliruka
Negative past conditional positive subject concord + -singaliruka
Gnomic (positive subject concord + -aruka)
Singular Plural
1st person naruka twaruka
2nd person waruka mwaruka
3rd person m-wa(I/II) aruka waruka
m-mi(III/IV) waruka yaruka
ji-ma(V/VI) laruka yaruka
ki-vi(VII/VIII) charuka vyaruka
n(IX/X) yaruka zaruka
u(XI) waruka see n(X) or ma(VI) class
ku(XV/XVII) kwaruka
pa(XVI) paruka
mu(XVIII) mwaruka
Perfect positive subject concord + -meruka
"Already" positive subject concord + -mesharuka
"Not yet" negative subject concord + -jaruka
"If/When" positive subject concord + -kiruka
"If not" positive subject concord + -siporuka
Consecutive karuka / positive subject concord + -karuka
Consecutive subjunctive positive subject concord + -karuke
Object concord (indicative positive)
Singular Plural
1st person -niruka -turuka
2nd person -kuruka -waruka/-kurukeni/-warukeni
3rd person m-wa(I/II) -mruka -waruka
m-mi(III/IV) -uruka -iruka
ji-ma(V/VI) -liruka -yaruka
ki-vi(VII/VIII) -kiruka -viruka
n(IX/X) -iruka -ziruka
u(XI) -uruka see n(X) or ma(VI) class
ku(XV/XVII) -kuruka
pa(XVI) -paruka
mu(XVIII) -muruka
Reflexive -jiruka
Relative forms
General positive (positive subject concord + (object concord) + -ruka- + relative marker)
Singular Plural
m-wa(I/II) -rukaye -rukao
m-mi(III/IV) -rukao -rukayo
ji-ma(V/VI) -rukalo -rukayo
ki-vi(VII/VIII) -rukacho -rukavyo
n(IX/X) -rukayo -rukazo
u(XI) -rukao see n(X) or ma(VI) class
ku(XV/XVII) -rukako
pa(XVI) -rukapo
mu(XVIII) -rukamo
Other forms (subject concord + tense marker + relative marker + (object concord) + -ruka)
Singular Plural
m-wa(I/II) -yeruka -oruka
m-mi(III/IV) -oruka -yoruka
ji-ma(V/VI) -loruka -yoruka
ki-vi(VII/VIII) -choruka -vyoruka
n(IX/X) -yoruka -zoruka
u(XI) -oruka see n(X) or ma(VI) class
ku(XV/XVII) -koruka
pa(XVI) -poruka
mu(XVIII) -moruka
Some forms not commonly seen in modern Standard Swahili are absent from the table. See Appendix:Swahili verbs for more information.

Derived terms

  • Verbal derivations:
    • Applicative: -rukia
    • Causative: -rukisha
    • Passive: -rukwa
    • Reciprocal: -rukana
    • Stative: -rukika

Ternate

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): /ˈɾu.ka/

Verb

ruka

  1. to wrench

Conjugation

Conjugation of ruka
singular plural
inclusive exclusive
1st person toruka foruka miruka
2nd person noruka niruka
3rd
person 		masculine oruka iruka
yoruka (archaic)
feminine moruka
neuter iruka

References

  • Rika Hayami-Allen (2001) A descriptive study of the language of Ternate, the northern Moluccas, Indonesia, University of Pittsburgh

Upper Sorbian

Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *rǫkà.

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): /ˈʀuka/
  • Rhymes: -uka
  • Hyphenation: ru‧ka
  • Syllabification: ru‧ka

Noun

ruka f (anatomy)

  1. hand (organ at the end of the upper limbs of man, which is used especially for grasping)
  2. arm (part of the upper limb located between the shoulder and elbow joints)

Declension

Declension of ruka (feminine velar stem)
singular dual plural
nominative ruka ruce ruki
genitive ruki rukow rukow
dative ruce rukomaj rukam
accusative ruku ruce ruki
instrumental ruku rukomaj rukami
locative ruce rukomaj rukach
vocative ruka ruce ruki

References

  • “ruka” in Soblex
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