كم

See also: کم and گم

Arabic

Etymology 1

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /kam/

Adverb

كَمْ • (kam)

how many?, how much? (used with accusative noun)
كَمْ كِتَابًا تُرِيدُ أَنْ تَشْتَرِيَ؟
kam kitāban turīdu ʔan taštariya?
How many books do you want to buy?
how many!, how much! (used with مِنْ (min))
كَمْ مِنْ كُتُبٍ هُنَا!
kam min kutubin hunā!
Oh, how many books are here!

Etymology 2

Artificial formation from the word above.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /kamm/

Noun

كَمّ • (kamm) m

quantity, multitude
اَلْعِبْرَةُ بِٱلْكَيْفِ لَا بِٱلْكَمِّ
al-ʕibratu bi-l-kayfi lā bi-l-kammi
What matters is quality, not quantity.
(physics) quantum

Declension

Declension of noun **كَمّ** (kamm)
singular	basic singular triptote
singular	indefinite	definite	construct
informal	كَمّ kamm	الْكَمّ al-kamm	كَمّ kamm
nominative	كَمٌّ kammun	الْكَمُّ al-kammu	كَمُّ kammu
accusative	كَمًّا kamman	الْكَمَّ al-kamma	كَمَّ kamma
genitive	كَمٍّ kammin	الْكَمِّ al-kammi	كَمِّ kammi

Etymology 3

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /kum/

Pronoun

ـكُمْ • (-kum) m pl (enclitic form of أَنْتُم (ʔantum))

you, your (masculine plural) (bound object pronoun)
السَّلامُ عَلَيْكُمْ ― as-salāmu ʕalaykum ― peace be upon you

Etymology 4

Compare ب ك م (b k m).

Verb

كَمَّ • (kamma) I (non-past يَكُمُّ (yakummu), verbal noun كَمّ (kamm))

to cover up, to close up by enveloping, to muzzle

Conjugation

Conjugation of **كَمَّ** (I, geminate, a ~ u, full passive (?), verbal noun **كَمّ**)

verbal noun الْمَصْدَر					كَمّ kamm
active participle اِسْم الْفَاعِل					كَامّ kāmm
passive participle اِسْم الْمَفْعُول					مَكْمُوم makmūm
active voice الْفِعْل الْمَعْلُوم
		singular الْمُفْرَد			dual الْمُثَنَّى		plural الْجَمْع
		1^st person الْمُتَكَلِّم	2^nd person الْمُخَاطَب	3^rd person الْغَائِب	2^nd person الْمُخَاطَب	3^rd person الْغَائِب	1^st person الْمُتَكَلِّم	2^nd person الْمُخَاطَب	3^rd person الْغَائِب
past (perfect) indicative الْمَاضِي	m	كَمَمْتُ kamamtu	كَمَمْتَ kamamta	كَمَّ kamma	كَمَمْتُمَا kamamtumā	كَمَّا kammā	كَمَمْنَا kamamnā	كَمَمْتُمْ kamamtum	كَمُّوا kammū
past (perfect) indicative الْمَاضِي	f	كَمَمْتُ kamamtu	كَمَمْتِ kamamti	كَمَّتْ kammat	كَمَمْتُمَا kamamtumā	كَمَّتَا kammatā	كَمَمْنَا kamamnā	كَمَمْتُنَّ kamamtunna	كَمَمْنَ kamamna
non-past (imperfect) indicative الْمُضَارِع الْمَرْفُوع	m	أَكُمُّ ʔakummu	تَكُمُّ takummu	يَكُمُّ yakummu	تَكُمَّانِ takummāni	يَكُمَّانِ yakummāni	نَكُمُّ nakummu	تَكُمُّونَ takummūna	يَكُمُّونَ yakummūna
non-past (imperfect) indicative الْمُضَارِع الْمَرْفُوع	f	أَكُمُّ ʔakummu	تَكُمِّينَ takummīna	تَكُمُّ takummu	تَكُمَّانِ takummāni	تَكُمَّانِ takummāni	نَكُمُّ nakummu	تَكْمُمْنَ takmumna	يَكْمُمْنَ yakmumna
subjunctive الْمُضَارِع الْمَنْصُوب	m	أَكُمَّ ʔakumma	تَكُمَّ takumma	يَكُمَّ yakumma	تَكُمَّا takummā	يَكُمَّا yakummā	نَكُمَّ nakumma	تَكُمُّوا takummū	يَكُمُّوا yakummū
subjunctive الْمُضَارِع الْمَنْصُوب	f	أَكُمَّ ʔakumma	تَكُمِّي takummī	تَكُمَّ takumma	تَكُمَّا takummā	تَكُمَّا takummā	نَكُمَّ nakumma	تَكْمُمْنَ takmumna	يَكْمُمْنَ yakmumna
jussive الْمُضَارِع الْمَجْزُوم	m	أَكُمَّ, أَكُمِّ, أَكْمُمْ ʔakumma, ʔakummi, ʔakmum	تَكُمَّ, تَكُمِّ, تَكْمُمْ takumma, takummi, takmum	يَكُمَّ, يَكُمِّ, يَكْمُمْ yakumma, yakummi, yakmum	تَكُمَّا takummā	يَكُمَّا yakummā	نَكُمَّ, نَكُمِّ, نَكْمُمْ nakumma, nakummi, nakmum	تَكُمُّوا takummū	يَكُمُّوا yakummū
jussive الْمُضَارِع الْمَجْزُوم	f	أَكُمَّ, أَكُمِّ, أَكْمُمْ ʔakumma, ʔakummi, ʔakmum	تَكُمِّي takummī	تَكُمَّ, تَكُمِّ, تَكْمُمْ takumma, takummi, takmum	تَكُمَّا takummā	تَكُمَّا takummā	نَكُمَّ, نَكُمِّ, نَكْمُمْ nakumma, nakummi, nakmum	تَكْمُمْنَ takmumna	يَكْمُمْنَ yakmumna
imperative الْأَمْر	m		كُمَّ, كُمِّ, اُكْمُمْ kumma, kummi, ukmum		كُمَّا kummā			كُمُّوا kummū
imperative الْأَمْر	f		كُمِّي kummī		كُمَّا kummā			اُكْمُمْنَ ukmumna

passive voice الْفِعْل الْمَجْهُول
		singular الْمُفْرَد			dual الْمُثَنَّى		plural الْجَمْع
		1^st person الْمُتَكَلِّم	2^nd person الْمُخَاطَب	3^rd person الْغَائِب	2^nd person الْمُخَاطَب	3^rd person الْغَائِب	1^st person الْمُتَكَلِّم	2^nd person الْمُخَاطَب	3^rd person الْغَائِب
past (perfect) indicative الْمَاضِي	m	كُمِمْتُ kumimtu	كُمِمْتَ kumimta	كُمَّ kumma	كُمِمْتُمَا kumimtumā	كُمَّا kummā	كُمِمْنَا kumimnā	كُمِمْتُمْ kumimtum	كُمُّوا kummū
past (perfect) indicative الْمَاضِي	f	كُمِمْتُ kumimtu	كُمِمْتِ kumimti	كُمَّتْ kummat	كُمِمْتُمَا kumimtumā	كُمَّتَا kummatā	كُمِمْنَا kumimnā	كُمِمْتُنَّ kumimtunna	كُمِمْنَ kumimna
non-past (imperfect) indicative الْمُضَارِع الْمَرْفُوع	m	أُكَمُّ ʔukammu	تُكَمُّ tukammu	يُكَمُّ yukammu	تُكَمَّانِ tukammāni	يُكَمَّانِ yukammāni	نُكَمُّ nukammu	تُكَمُّونَ tukammūna	يُكَمُّونَ yukammūna
non-past (imperfect) indicative الْمُضَارِع الْمَرْفُوع	f	أُكَمُّ ʔukammu	تُكَمِّينَ tukammīna	تُكَمُّ tukammu	تُكَمَّانِ tukammāni	تُكَمَّانِ tukammāni	نُكَمُّ nukammu	تُكْمَمْنَ tukmamna	يُكْمَمْنَ yukmamna
subjunctive الْمُضَارِع الْمَنْصُوب	m	أُكَمَّ ʔukamma	تُكَمَّ tukamma	يُكَمَّ yukamma	تُكَمَّا tukammā	يُكَمَّا yukammā	نُكَمَّ nukamma	تُكَمُّوا tukammū	يُكَمُّوا yukammū
subjunctive الْمُضَارِع الْمَنْصُوب	f	أُكَمَّ ʔukamma	تُكَمِّي tukammī	تُكَمَّ tukamma	تُكَمَّا tukammā	تُكَمَّا tukammā	نُكَمَّ nukamma	تُكْمَمْنَ tukmamna	يُكْمَمْنَ yukmamna
jussive الْمُضَارِع الْمَجْزُوم	m	أُكَمَّ, أُكَمِّ, أُكْمَمْ ʔukamma, ʔukammi, ʔukmam	تُكَمَّ, تُكَمِّ, تُكْمَمْ tukamma, tukammi, tukmam	يُكَمَّ, يُكَمِّ, يُكْمَمْ yukamma, yukammi, yukmam	تُكَمَّا tukammā	يُكَمَّا yukammā	نُكَمَّ, نُكَمِّ, نُكْمَمْ nukamma, nukammi, nukmam	تُكَمُّوا tukammū	يُكَمُّوا yukammū
jussive الْمُضَارِع الْمَجْزُوم	f	أُكَمَّ, أُكَمِّ, أُكْمَمْ ʔukamma, ʔukammi, ʔukmam	تُكَمِّي tukammī	تُكَمَّ, تُكَمِّ, تُكْمَمْ tukamma, tukammi, tukmam	تُكَمَّا tukammā	تُكَمَّا tukammā	نُكَمَّ, نُكَمِّ, نُكْمَمْ nukamma, nukammi, nukmam	تُكْمَمْنَ tukmamna	يُكْمَمْنَ yukmamna

Derived terms

كِمَام (kimām) and كِمَامَة (kimāma) and مِكَمَّة (mikamma, “muzzle”)
كَمَّمَ (kammama, “to muzzle, to muffle”)

Noun

كِمّ • (kimm) m (plural أَكْمَام (ʔakmām) or أَكِمَّة (ʔakimma) or كِمَام (kimām) or أَكَامِيم (ʔakāmīm))

calyx of a flower, the envelope or spathe of a palm-tree or the like

Declension

Declension of noun **كِمّ** (kimm)
singular	basic singular triptote
singular	indefinite	definite	construct
informal	كِمّ kimm	الْكِمّ al-kimm	كِمّ kimm
nominative	كِمٌّ kimmun	الْكِمُّ al-kimmu	كِمُّ kimmu
accusative	كِمًّا kimman	الْكِمَّ al-kimma	كِمَّ kimma
genitive	كِمٍّ kimmin	الْكِمِّ al-kimmi	كِمِّ kimmi
dual	indefinite	definite	construct
informal	كِمَّيْن kimmayn	الْكِمَّيْن al-kimmayn	كِمَّيْ kimmay
nominative	كِمَّانِ kimmāni	الْكِمَّانِ al-kimmāni	كِمَّا kimmā
accusative	كِمَّيْنِ kimmayni	الْكِمَّيْنِ al-kimmayni	كِمَّيْ kimmay
genitive	كِمَّيْنِ kimmayni	الْكِمَّيْنِ al-kimmayni	كِمَّيْ kimmay
plural	basic broken plural triptote‎; broken plural triptote in ـَة (-a)‎; basic broken plural diptote
plural	indefinite	definite	construct
informal	أَكْمَام‎; أَكِمَّة‎; كِمَام‎; أَكَامِيم ʔakmām‎; ʔakimma‎; kimām‎; ʔakāmīm	الْأَكْمَام‎; الْأَكِمَّة‎; الْكِمَام‎; الْأَكَامِيم al-ʔakmām‎; al-ʔakimma‎; al-kimām‎; al-ʔakāmīm	أَكْمَام‎; أَكِمَّة‎; كِمَام‎; أَكَامِيم ʔakmām‎; ʔakimmat‎; kimām‎; ʔakāmīm
nominative	أَكْمَامٌ‎; أَكِمَّةٌ‎; كِمَامٌ‎; أَكَامِيمُ ʔakmāmun‎; ʔakimmatun‎; kimāmun‎; ʔakāmīmu	الْأَكْمَامُ‎; الْأَكِمَّةُ‎; الْكِمَامُ‎; الْأَكَامِيمُ al-ʔakmāmu‎; al-ʔakimmatu‎; al-kimāmu‎; al-ʔakāmīmu	أَكْمَامُ‎; أَكِمَّةُ‎; كِمَامُ‎; أَكَامِيمُ ʔakmāmu‎; ʔakimmatu‎; kimāmu‎; ʔakāmīmu
accusative	أَكْمَامًا‎; أَكِمَّةً‎; كِمَامًا‎; أَكَامِيمَ ʔakmāman‎; ʔakimmatan‎; kimāman‎; ʔakāmīma	الْأَكْمَامَ‎; الْأَكِمَّةَ‎; الْكِمَامَ‎; الْأَكَامِيمَ al-ʔakmāma‎; al-ʔakimmata‎; al-kimāma‎; al-ʔakāmīma	أَكْمَامَ‎; أَكِمَّةَ‎; كِمَامَ‎; أَكَامِيمَ ʔakmāma‎; ʔakimmata‎; kimāma‎; ʔakāmīma
genitive	أَكْمَامٍ‎; أَكِمَّةٍ‎; كِمَامٍ‎; أَكَامِيمَ ʔakmāmin‎; ʔakimmatin‎; kimāmin‎; ʔakāmīma	الْأَكْمَامِ‎; الْأَكِمَّةِ‎; الْكِمَامِ‎; الْأَكَامِيمِ al-ʔakmāmi‎; al-ʔakimmati‎; al-kimāmi‎; al-ʔakāmīmi	أَكْمَامِ‎; أَكِمَّةِ‎; كِمَامِ‎; أَكَامِيمِ ʔakmāmi‎; ʔakimmati‎; kimāmi‎; ʔakāmīmi

Descendants

→ Ottoman Turkish: كم (kimm, “calyx of a flower”)
→ Persian: کما (kamâ, kemâ, komâ, “mace, the envelope of nutmeg”)

Noun

كُمّ • (kumm) m (plural أَكْمَام (ʔakmām) or كِمَمَة (kimama))

sleeve of a garment

Declension

Declension of noun **كُمّ** (kumm)
singular	basic singular triptote
singular	indefinite	definite	construct
informal	كُمّ kumm	الْكُمّ al-kumm	كُمّ kumm
nominative	كُمٌّ kummun	الْكُمُّ al-kummu	كُمُّ kummu
accusative	كُمًّا kumman	الْكُمَّ al-kumma	كُمَّ kumma
genitive	كُمٍّ kummin	الْكُمِّ al-kummi	كُمِّ kummi
dual	indefinite	definite	construct
informal	كُمَّيْن kummayn	الْكُمَّيْن al-kummayn	كُمَّيْ kummay
nominative	كُمَّانِ kummāni	الْكُمَّانِ al-kummāni	كُمَّا kummā
accusative	كُمَّيْنِ kummayni	الْكُمَّيْنِ al-kummayni	كُمَّيْ kummay
genitive	كُمَّيْنِ kummayni	الْكُمَّيْنِ al-kummayni	كُمَّيْ kummay
plural	basic broken plural triptote‎; broken plural triptote in ـَة (-a)
plural	indefinite	definite	construct
informal	أَكْمَام‎; كِمَمَة ʔakmām‎; kimama	الْأَكْمَام‎; الْكِمَمَة al-ʔakmām‎; al-kimama	أَكْمَام‎; كِمَمَة ʔakmām‎; kimamat
nominative	أَكْمَامٌ‎; كِمَمَةٌ ʔakmāmun‎; kimamatun	الْأَكْمَامُ‎; الْكِمَمَةُ al-ʔakmāmu‎; al-kimamatu	أَكْمَامُ‎; كِمَمَةُ ʔakmāmu‎; kimamatu
accusative	أَكْمَامًا‎; كِمَمَةً ʔakmāman‎; kimamatan	الْأَكْمَامَ‎; الْكِمَمَةَ al-ʔakmāma‎; al-kimamata	أَكْمَامَ‎; كِمَمَةَ ʔakmāma‎; kimamata
genitive	أَكْمَامٍ‎; كِمَمَةٍ ʔakmāmin‎; kimamatin	الْأَكْمَامِ‎; الْكِمَمَةِ al-ʔakmāmi‎; al-kimamati	أَكْمَامِ‎; كِمَمَةِ ʔakmāmi‎; kimamati

Descendants

Gulf Arabic: چَم (čam)
→ Persian: کما (kamâ)

Hijazi Arabic

Etymology

From Arabic كَمْ (kam).

Determiner

كم • (kam, kamm)

Usage notes

كم (kam) is always followed by a singular noun.

Karakhanid

Etymology

From Proto-Turkic *kem (“who”). Cognate with Old Turkic 𐰚𐰢 (kem, “who, whoever”), Turkish kim (“who, whoever”).

Pronoun

كم (kim)

(interrogative) who

Moroccan Arabic

Etymology

From Arabic كُمّ (kumm).

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /kumː/

Noun

كم • (kumm) m (plural كمام (kmām))

sleeve (part of a garment that covers the arm)

Old Anatolian Turkish

Etymology 1

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *kem. The relation with كه (ki), a Persian borrowing, is uncertain, as they are mostly interchangeable in most senses.

Alternative forms

كیم (kim)

Conjunction

كم • (kim)

that
Synonym: كه (ki)

كوردی كم اولمش ― gördi kim ölmiş ― she saw that he died
because, for
Synonyms: چون (çün), چونكه (çünki)
- 14th Century, Avni, (Please provide the book title or journal name):
  كسمزم اغیار جوری ایله جاناندن امید
  كم كسلمز ﺧﻮﻒ شیطان ایله ایماندن امید
  kesilmez eġyār cevri ile cānāndan ümīd
  kim kesilmez ḫevf-i şeyṭān ıla īmāndan ümīd
  I do not lose hope in my beloved (God) because of the interpretations of others
  Because one cannot lose hope in faith because of the fear of the Devil
so that, in order to
Synonyms: دیو (dẹyü), كه (ki)

Pronoun

كم • (kim) (accusative كمی (kimi), plural كملر (kimler))

(interrogative) who
كم بلور ― kim bilür? ― who knows?
(relative) who
Synonym: كه (ki)

اول كم سور ― ol kim sẹver ― he who loves
- 14th Century, anonymous author, Dresden manuscript: Kitāb-ı Dedem Ḳorḳud Alā Lisān-ı Tāife-i Oġuzān:
  انك كم اوغلی قزی اولمیه تكری تعالى انیقرغایپدر، بز دخی قارغرز دیمش
  anuŋ kim oġlı qızı olmaya taŋrı te'ālā anı qarġayupdur, biz daḫı qarġaruz dẹmiş.
  He said "He who doesn't have a daughter or son, God Almighty has cursed him, we too curse him."
no one, nobody
Synonym: كمسنه (kimesne)
some

Derived terms

كم اوله (kim ola, “perhaps”)
كم كه (kim ki, “whoever”)
كم مكر (kim meger, “once upon a time”)
كمسه (kimse, “no one”)
كمك اكسوكی (kimüŋ eksügi, “it is no one's business”)
كمنجه (kimince, “some”)
كمى (kimi, “some”)
كیمر (kimer, “some”)

Descendants

Azerbaijani: kim
Gagauz: kim
Ottoman Turkish: كیم (kim)
- Turkish: kim

Etymology 2

Uncertain. Only seen in Anatolian Turkish. ^[1] Maidhof, Frisk and quoting him Nişanyan suggest a borrowing from Ancient Greek κημός (kēmós).^[2] Tietze points out the phonetic difficulties of a such derivation.^[3] Sevortyan connects with كمورمك (kemürmek, “to chew”)^[4] Eren and Benveniste connect with Mongolian [script needed] (cağucai)^[5]

Noun

كم • (gem) (definite accusative كمی (gemi), plural كملر (gemler))

bit, a piece of metal placed in a horse's mouth and connected to the reins to direct the animal
Synonym: آغیزلق (aġızlıq)

Derived terms

كم آلمز (gem almaz, “non-compliant”)
كم آلمق (gem almaq, “to take a bit; to listen, to comply”)

Descendants

Azerbaijani: gəm
Gagauz: gem
Ottoman Turkish: كم (gem)
- Turkish: gem
- →? Albanian: gjem
- → Kurdish: gem
- → Armenian: կէմ (kēm), գյամ (gyam)

Etymology 3

Borrowed from Classical Persian (gum)

Adjective

كم • (güm)

lost, missing
Synonyms: یاوو (yavu), غایب (ġāyib)

Derived terms

كم اولمق (güm olmaq, “to get lost”)
كم ایتمك (güm ẹtmek, “to lose”)

Etymology 4

Borrowed from Classical Persian .

Adjective

كم • (kem)

few, little
Synonym: آز (az)
bad

Derived terms

كم اولمق (kem olmaq, “to be lower”)
كم كم (kem kem, “little”)
كملك (kemlik, “rarity”)

Descendants

Azerbaijani: kəm
Ottoman Turkish: كم (kem)
- Turkish: kem

References

^ Räsänen, Martti (1969) Versuch eines etymologischen Wörterbuchs der Türksprachen (in German), Helsinki: Suomalais-ugrilainen seura, page 149
^ Nişanyan, Sevan (2002–) “gem”, in Nişanyan Sözlük
^ Tietze, Andreas (2002, 2009) “gem”, in Tarihi ve Etimolojik Türkiye Türkçesi Lügati [Historical and Etymological Dictionary of Turkish] (in Turkish), volume III, Istanbul, Vienna, page 186
^ Etimologičeskij slovarʹ tjurkskix jazykov [Etymological Dictionary of Turkic Languages] (in Russian), Moscow, 1974–, pages 18-19
^ Eren, Hasan (1999) “كم”, in Türk Dilinin Etimolojik Sözlüğü [Etymological Dictionary of the Turkish Language]‎^[1] (in Turkish), Ankara: Bizim Büro Basım Evi

Ottoman Turkish

Etymology 1

Inherited from Old Anatolian Turkish كم (gem, “bit”); see there for more.

Noun

كم • (gem) (definite accusative كمی (gemi), plural كملر (gemler))

bit, a piece of metal placed in a horse's mouth and connected to the reins to direct the animal
Synonym: لكام (ligam)

Derived terms

بادملو كم (bademli gem, “bit with an almond-shaped part in the middle”)
كم آلمق (gem almak, “to be docile”)
كم اورمق (gem urmak, “to put a bit on a horse”)
كم صولوغی (gem soluğu, “curb chain”)

Descendants

Turkish: gem
→? Albanian: gjem
→ Kurdish: gem
→ Armenian: կէմ (kēm), գյամ (gyam)

Etymology 2

Borrowed from Arabic كِمّ (kimm, “calyx of a flower”).

Noun

كم • (kimm) (definite accusative كمی (kimmi), plural كمام (kimâm) or اكمام (ekmâm))

(botany) calyx, the outermost whorl of flower parts, which covers and protects the petals as they develop

Descendants

Turkish: kim

South Levantine Arabic

Etymology 1

Alternative forms

ـكو (-ku)

Suffix

ـكم • (-kom) pl

Enclitic form of إنتو (ʔintu)
you, your (plural)

Etymology 2

From Arabic كَمْ (kam).

Alternative forms

أكم (ʔakam)

Determiner

كم • (kam, kamm)

how many (+ من)
كم مرّة سمعت: شو ممكن الواحد يعمل ب الأردن؟
kam marra smeʕt: šu mumken il-wāḥad yaʕmel bil-ʔurdun?
How many times did you hear: What can someone do in Jordan?
a few, some, several (+ من)
Synonym: بعض (baʕḍ)

خلّي نا نلتقي ب القدس بعد كم يوم.
ḵallīna niltaʔi bil-ʔuds baʕd kam yōm.
Let's meet in Jerusalem after a few days.
how long (+ إلـ)
كم إل ها بتتعلّم عربي؟
kam ʔilha btitʕallam ʕarabi?
How long has she been learning Arabic?

Usage notes

كم (kam) is always followed by a singular noun.

Related terms

قديش (ʔaddēš, “how much”)

[1] Räsänen, Martti (1969) Versuch eines etymologischen Wörterbuchs der Türksprachen (in German), Helsinki: Suomalais-ugrilainen seura, page 149

[2] Nişanyan, Sevan (2002–) “gem”, in Nişanyan Sözlük

[3] Tietze, Andreas (2002, 2009) “gem”, in Tarihi ve Etimolojik Türkiye Türkçesi Lügati [Historical and Etymological Dictionary of Turkish] (in Turkish), volume III, Istanbul, Vienna, page 186

[4] Etimologičeskij slovarʹ tjurkskix jazykov [Etymological Dictionary of Turkic Languages] (in Russian), Moscow, 1974–, pages 18-19

[5] Eren, Hasan (1999) “كم”, in Türk Dilinin Etimolojik Sözlüğü [Etymological Dictionary of the Turkish Language]‎^[1] (in Turkish), Ankara: Bizim Büro Basım Evi

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

South Levantine Arabic enclitic pronouns
		Singular		Plural
		after consonant	after vowel	Plural
1^st person	after verb	ـني (-ni)		ـنا (-na)
1^st person	else	ـِي (-i)	ـي (-y)	ـنا (-na)
2^nd person	m	ـَك (-ak)	ـك (-k)	ـكُم (-kom) / ـكو (-ku)
2^nd person	f	ـِك (-ek)	ـكي (-ki)	ـكُم (-kom) / ـكو (-ku)
3^rd person	m	ـُه (-o)	ـه (-h)	ـهُم (-hom)
3^rd person	f	ـها (-ha)		ـهُم (-hom)

Arabic

Etymology 1

Pronunciation

Adverb

Etymology 2

Pronunciation

Noun

Declension

Etymology 3

Pronunciation

Pronoun

Etymology 4

Verb

Conjugation

Derived terms

Noun

Declension

Descendants

Noun

Declension

Descendants

Hijazi Arabic

Etymology

Determiner

Usage notes

Karakhanid

Etymology

Pronoun

Moroccan Arabic

Etymology

Pronunciation

Noun

Old Anatolian Turkish

Etymology 1

Alternative forms

Conjunction

Pronoun

Derived terms

Descendants

Further reading

Etymology 2

Noun

Derived terms

Descendants

Further reading

Etymology 3

Adjective

Derived terms

Further reading

Etymology 4

Adjective

Derived terms

Descendants

Further reading

References

Ottoman Turkish

Etymology 1

Noun

Derived terms

Descendants

Further reading

Etymology 2

Noun

Descendants

Further reading

South Levantine Arabic

Etymology 1

Alternative forms

Suffix

See also

Etymology 2

Alternative forms

Determiner

Usage notes

Related terms