男

See also: 勇
男 U+7537, 男
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-7537
← 甶
[U+7536] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 甸 →
[U+7538]

㊚ U+329A, ㊚
CIRCLED IDEOGRAPH MALE
← ㊙
[U+3299] 		Enclosed CJK Letters and Months ㊛ →
[U+329B]

Translingual

Stroke order
Stroke order (Japan)

Han character

男 (Kangxi radical 102, 田+2, 7 strokes, cangjie input 田大尸 (WKS), four-corner 60427, composition ⿱田力)

Derived characters

Additional Derived Characters
  • 𠲸, 𰋢, 𭜽, 𪶀, 𭦉, 𤽲, 𭻙, 𪽕, 𡖦, 𦥶, 𧋱, 𱰺, 𪟤, 𱜚, 𨦻, 𤳇, 𭫫, 𦦊, 𤢰, 𲌷
  • 𧡇, 𠒰, 𧇙, 𤲶, 𪟞, 𤱘, 𰣉, 𰣊, 𪟡, 𭻚, 𠨃, 𫦶, 𭻟, 𰣌, 𪟦, 𤳆, 𱰼, 𫦻, 𱰾, 𭻤, 𭻮, 𤳢, 𰣛
  • 𭄫, 𱘲, 𭄹, 𠢎, 𱁘, 𠢮, 𡢹, 𪟧, 𡇨, 𬌼, 𱫤

References

  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 759, character 2
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 21730
  • Dae Jaweon: page 1169, character 2
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 4, page 2529, character 5
  • Unihan data for U+7537

Chinese

simp. and trad.
 男
alternative forms 㽖
侽

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 男
Shang Western Zhou Spring and Autumn Warring States Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Oracle bone script Bronze inscriptions Bronze inscriptions Chu slip and silk script Small seal script Transcribed ancient scripts

Ideogrammic compound (會意 / 会意): 田 (“field”) + 力 (“strength”) – man providing the strength for agricultural and/or other kinds of (physical) labour on a field.

Etymology

Probably an area word. Compare Proto-Kiranti *nam (“man”), Proto-Monic *k()ɲoom (“young child”), Proto-Wa *h/ʔn[o]m (“young man”), Thai หนุ่ม (nùm, “young man; young”) (Schuessler, 2007).

Wang (1982) connects it to 農 (OC *nuːŋ, “farmer”). Goldin (2021) suggests a connection to 任 (OC *njɯms, “to bear; to be in charge”).

Pronunciation

Note:
  • lam5 - Chaozhou;
  • nam5 - Shantou.
Rime
Character 男
Reading # 1/1
Initial (聲) 泥 (8)
Final (韻) 覃 (159)
Tone (調) Level (Ø)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) I
Fanqie 那含切
Baxter nom
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/nʌm/
Pan
Wuyun 		/nəm/
Shao
Rongfen 		/nɒm/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/nəm/
Li
Rong 		/nᴀm/
Wang
Li 		/nɒm/
Bernhard
Karlgren 		/năm/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		nán
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		naam4
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 男
Reading # 1/1
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		nán
Middle
Chinese 		‹ nom ›
Old
Chinese 		/*nˁ[ə]m/
English man, male

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 男
Reading # 1/1
No. 9354
Phonetic
component
Rime
group 		侵
Rime
subdivision 		2
Corresponding
MC rime 		南
Old
Chinese 		/*nuːm/

Definitions

男

  1. man; (only of human in Standard Chinese) male
    男人  ―  nánrén  ―  man
    男孩  ―  nánhái  ―  boy
    Coordinate term: 女
  2. son
    長男／长男  ―  zhǎngnán  ―  eldest son
  3. baron, lowest of the five ranks of Chinese aristocracy (五等爵位) under the Zhou dynasty
  4. a surname

Synonyms

  • 公 (gōng, “male (of animals)”)

Compounds

Descendants

Sino-Xenic (男):
  • → Japanese: 男(なん) (nan); 男(だん) (dan)
  • → Korean: 남(男) (nam)
  • → Vietnamese: nam (男)

References

Japanese

Kanji

男

(First grade kyōiku kanji)

  1. man
  2. son
  3. baron

Readings

Compounds

Compounds

Etymology 1

Kanji in this term
男
おとこ
Grade: 1
kun'yomi
Alternative spelling
漢 (manga slang)

⟨woto2ko1⟩ → */wotəkʷo/ → /wotoko/ → /otoko/

From Old Japanese.

Derived from おと (oto, “young?”, cognate with Old Japanese 復つ (wotu → otsu, “to become young again”)) +‎ 子 (ko, “child”).

Compare 少女 (otome, “young woman”).

Pronunciation

  • (Kyoto) お​とこ [óꜜtòkò] (Kōki)[1]

Noun

男(おとこ) • (otoko) ←をとこ (wotoko)?

  1. a male person
    Antonym: 女 (onna)
  2. (specifically) a man, an adult male
    Antonym: 女 (onna)
  3. 男, 漢: (specifically) a manly man
  4. a male lover
    Synonyms: 愛人 (aijin), 情人 (jōjin, jōnin), 情夫 (jōfu)
  5. a manservant
    Synonym: 下男 (genan)
  6. a husband
    Synonym: 夫 (otto)
  7. (obsolete) an unmarried young man
  8. (colloquial) homosexuality
    Synonyms: 男色 (danshoku), 若道 (nyakudō)
Derived terms
Derived terms
Idioms
Idioms
Proverbs
  • 男(おとこ)の目(め)には糸(いと)を引(ひ)け女(おんな)の目(め)には鈴(すず)を張(は)れ (otoko no me ni wa ito o hike onna no me ni wa suzu o hare)
  • 男(おとこ)は度胸(どきょう)女(おんな)は愛嬌(あいきょう) (otoko wa dokyō onna wa aikyō)
  • 男(おとこ)は裸(はだか)百貫(ひゃっかん) (otoko wa hadaka-hyakkan)

Proper noun

男(おとこ) • (Otoko) ←をとこ (Wotoko)?

  1. a surname

Etymology 2

Kanji in this term
男
お
Grade: 1
kun'yomi
Alternative spellings
夫
雄
牡

/wo/ → /o/

From Old Japanese.

Pronunciation

  • (Kyoto) おー [óó] (Kōki – [0])[4]

Noun

男(お) • (o) ←を (wo)?

  1. a man
    Antonym: 女 (me)
    • 711–712, Kojiki, poem 5:
      ...那許曾波(なこそは)遠(を)迩伊麻世婆(にいませば)... [Man'yōgana]
      ...汝(な)こそはをにいませば... [Modern spelling]
      na koso wa o ni imaseba
      (please add an English translation of this example)
  2. a husband
    Synonym: 夫 (otto)
    Antonym: 女 (me)
  3. a male
    Antonym: 女, 牝, 雌 (me)
  4. something large, powerful, or otherwise masculine
Derived terms
Derived terms

Etymology 3

Kanji in this term
男
おのこ
Grade: 1
irregular
Alternative spelling
男の子

Compound of 男 (o, “male”, see above) +‎ の (no, possessive particle) +‎ 子 (ko, “child”).

Pronunciation

  • (Kyoto) お​のこ [óꜜnòkò] (Kōki)[5]

Noun

男(おのこ) • (onoko) ←をのこ (wonoko)?

  1. a boy
Derived terms
Derived terms
  • 男(おのこ)手(で) (onokode)
  • 男(おのこ)同胞(はらから) (onoko harakara)
  • 東(あずま)男(おとこ) (azuma-otoko)
  • 上(うえ)の男(おのこ) (ue no onoko)
  • 下種(げす)男(おのこ) (gesu onoko)
  • 才(ざえ)の男(おのこ) (zae no onoko)
  • むくつけ男(おのこ) (mukutsuke onoko)

Etymology 4

Kanji in this term
男
なん
Grade: 1
goon

/nam/ → /namʉ/ → /naɴ/

From Middle Chinese 男 (MC nom).

The 呉音 (goon) reading, so likely the initial borrowing.

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): [nã̠ɴ]

Noun

男(なん) • (nan) 

  1. a man
    Synonym: 男性 (dansei)
  2. a son
    Synonyms: 倅 (segare), 息子 (musuko)
Derived terms

Etymology 5

Kanji in this term
男
だん
Grade: 1
kan'on

/dam/ → /damʉ/ → /daɴ/

From Middle Chinese 男 (MC nom).

The 漢音 (kan'on) reading, so likely a later borrowing.

Pronunciation

  • (Kyoto) だ​ん [dáꜜǹ] (Kōki)[6]

Noun

男(だん) • (dan) 

  1. a man
  2. a son
  3. a young man, especially one who reached adulthood
    Synonyms: 壮丁 (sōtei), 若者 (wakamono)
  4. (historical) a baron
    Synonym: 男爵 (danshaku)

Proper noun

男(だん) • (Dan) 

  1. a male given name

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 “おと‐こ［をと‥］ 【男】”, in 日本国語大辞典 [Nihon Kokugo Daijiten]‎[1] (in Japanese), 2nd edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, 2000-2002, released online 2007, →ISBN, concise edition entry available here
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
  3. ^ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN
  4. ^ “お［を］ 【雄・男・牡・夫】”, in 日本国語大辞典 [Nihon Kokugo Daijiten]‎[2] (in Japanese), 2nd edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, 2000-2002, released online 2007, →ISBN, concise edition entry available here
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 “お‐の‐こ［を‥］ 【男子・男】”, in 日本国語大辞典 [Nihon Kokugo Daijiten]‎[3] (in Japanese), 2nd edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, 2000-2002, released online 2007, →ISBN, concise edition entry available here
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 “だん 【男】”, in 日本国語大辞典 [Nihon Kokugo Daijiten]‎[4] (in Japanese), 2nd edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, 2000-2002, released online 2007, →ISBN, concise edition entry available here

Korean

Etymology

From Middle Chinese 男 (MC nom). Recorded as Middle Korean 남 (nam) (Yale: nam) in Hunmong Jahoe (訓蒙字會 / 훈몽자회), 1527.

Hanja

Wikisource

男 (eumhun 사내 남 (sanae nam))

  1. hanja form? of 남 (“man”)

Compounds

Compounds

References

  • 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典. [6]

Kunigami

Kanji

男

(First grade kyōiku kanji)

Readings

Etymology 1

From Proto-Ryukyuan *weke + *-ga (“diminutive suffix”).

Noun

男(いけが) (ikega) 

  1. man

Etymology 2

From Proto-Ryukyuan *wenga.

Noun

男(うんが) (unga) 

  1. man

Okinawan

Kanji

男

(First grade kyōiku kanji)

Readings

  • Kun: ゐきが (wikiga, 男)、ゆきが (yukiga, 男)、うぅとぅく (wutuku, 男)

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): [(w)ikiɡa]

Etymology 1

Kanji in this term
男
ゐきが
Grade: 1
kun'yomi
Kanji in this term
男
ゆきが
Grade: 1
kun'yomi

From Proto-Ryukyuan *weke + *-ga (“diminutive suffix”).

Noun

男(ゐきが) or 男(ゆきが) (wikiga or yukiga) 

  1. man
Derived terms
  • 男(ゐきが)しーじゃ (wikiga shīja, “older brother”)

Etymology 2

Kanji in this term
男
をぅとぅく
Grade: 1
kun'yomi

Possibly from Japanese 男 (otoko, “man”).

Noun

男(うぅとぅく) (wutuku) 

  1. (literary) man

References

  • “ゐきが【男】” in JLect - Japonic Languages and Dialects Database Dictionary, 2019.

Okinoerabu

Kanji

男

(First grade kyōiku kanji)

Readings

Etymology

Kanji in this term
男
いぃんが
Grade: 1
Kanji in this term
男
ゐんが
Grade: 1

From Proto-Ryukyuan *wenga.

Noun

男(いぃんが) or 男(ゐんが) (yinga or inga) 

  1. man

References

Vietnamese

Han character

男: Hán Việt readings: nam[1][2][3]
男: Nôm readings: nam[1][2]

  1. chữ Hán form of nam (“man; male”)

Derived terms

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Nguyễn (2014).
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Nguyễn et al. (2009).
  3. ^ Trần (2004).

Yonaguni

Kanji

男

(First grade kyōiku kanji)

Readings

Etymology

From Proto-Ryukyuan *wenga.

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): /biŋɡa/

Noun

男(びんが) (binga) 

  1. man

Yoron

Kanji

男

(First grade kyōiku kanji)

Readings

Etymology

From Proto-Ryukyuan *weke + *-ga (“diminutive suffix”).

Noun

男(をぅいが) (ōiga) 

  1. man
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