驚惶

See also: 惊惶

Chinese

	to startle; to be frightened; to be scared to startle; to be frightened; to be scared; alarm	frightened
trad. (驚惶)	驚	惶
simp. (惊惶)	惊	惶
alternative forms	驚皇／惊皇驚營／惊营 (kiaⁿ-iâⁿ) 驚刑／惊刑 (kiaⁿ-hiâⁿ)

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): jīnghuáng

(Zhuyin): ㄐㄧㄥㄏㄨㄤˊ
Cantonese (Jyutping): ging¹ wong⁴
Hakka (Sixian, PFS): kiâng-fòng
Southern Min
(Hokkien, POJ): kiaⁿ-hiâⁿ / kiaⁿ-iâⁿ / keng-hông / kiaⁿ-hiông

(Teochew, Peng'im): gian¹ ian⁵

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: jīnghuáng
  - Zhuyin: ㄐㄧㄥㄏㄨㄤˊ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: jinghuáng
  - Wade–Giles: ching¹-huang²
  - Yale: jīng-hwáng
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jinghwang
  - Palladius: цзинхуан (czinxuan)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡ɕiŋ⁵⁵ xu̯ɑŋ³⁵/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
  - Jyutping: ging¹ wong⁴
  - Yale: gīng wòhng
  - Cantonese Pinyin: ging¹ wong⁴
  - Guangdong Romanization: ging¹ wong⁴
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kɪŋ⁵⁵ wɔːŋ²¹/
Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: kiâng-fòng
  - Hakka Romanization System: giang^ˊ fong^ˇ
  - Hagfa Pinyim: giang¹ fong²
  - Sinological IPA: /ki̯aŋ²⁴ foŋ¹¹/
Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kiaⁿ-hiâⁿ
  - Tâi-lô: kiann-hiânn
  - Phofsit Daibuun: kvia'hviaa
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /kiã⁴⁴⁻²² hiã¹³/
  - IPA (Xiamen): /kiã⁴⁴⁻²² hiã²⁴/
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /kiã⁴⁴⁻³³ hiã²³/
  - IPA (Taipei): /kiã⁴⁴⁻³³ hiã²⁴/
- (Hokkien: Zhangzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kiaⁿ-iâⁿ
  - Tâi-lô: kiann-iânn
  - Phofsit Daibuun: kvia'viaa
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /kiã⁴⁴⁻²² iã¹³/
- (Hokkien: Quanzhou, variant in Taiwan)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: keng-hông
  - Tâi-lô: king-hông
  - Phofsit Daibuun: kenghoong
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /kiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ hɔŋ²³/
  - IPA (Taipei): /kiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ hɔŋ²⁴/
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /kiɪŋ³³ hɔŋ²⁴/
- (Hokkien: variant in Taiwan)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kiaⁿ-hiông
  - Tâi-lô: kiann-hiông
  - Phofsit Daibuun: kvia'hioong
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /kiã⁴⁴⁻³³ hiɔŋ²³/
  - IPA (Taipei): /kiã⁴⁴⁻³³ hiɔŋ²⁴/
- (Teochew)
  - Peng'im: gian¹ ian⁵
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: kiaⁿ iâⁿ
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kĩã³³⁻²³ ĩã⁵⁵/

Middle Chinese: kjaeng hwang

Rime
Character	驚	惶
Reading #	1/1	1/1
Initial (聲)	見 (28)	匣 (33)
Final (韻)	庚 (111)	唐 (102)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open	Closed
Division (等)	III	I
Fanqie	舉卿切	胡光切
Baxter	kjaeng	hwang
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/kˠiæŋ/	/ɦwɑŋ/
Pan Wuyun	/kᵚiaŋ/	/ɦʷɑŋ/
Shao Rongfen	/kiaŋ/	/ɣuɑŋ/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/kiajŋ/	/ɦwaŋ/
Li Rong	/kiɐŋ/	/ɣuɑŋ/
Wang Li	/kĭɐŋ/	/ɣuɑŋ/
Bernhard Karlgren	/ki̯ɐŋ/	/ɣwɑŋ/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	jīng	huáng
Expected Cantonese Reflex	ging¹	wong⁴

Old Chinese
(Zhengzhang): /*kreŋ ɡʷaːŋ/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	驚
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	jīng
Middle Chinese	‹ kjæng ›
Old Chinese	/*kreŋ/
English	be afraid
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	驚	惶
Reading #	1/1	1/1
No.	6877	12697
Phonetic component	敬	王
Rime group	耕	陽
Rime subdivision	0	0
Corresponding MC rime	驚	黃
Old Chinese	/*kreŋ/	/*ɡʷaːŋ/

Adjective

驚惶

(literary or Southern Min) alarmed; frightened; panic-stricken

Synonyms

edit

刺促 (literary)
怖懼 / 怖惧 (bùjù) (literary)
恐慌 (kǒnghuāng)
恐懼 / 恐惧 (kǒngjù)
惶恐 (huángkǒng)
慹 / 𰑔 (zhí)
遑急 (huángjí) (literary)
驚恐 / 惊恐 (jīngkǒng)
驚慌 / 惊慌 (jīnghuāng)
驚駭 / 惊骇 (jīnghài) (literary)

Dialectal synonyms of 害怕 (“to fear; to be afraid of”) [map]

Variety	Location	Words edit
Classical Chinese		懼, 畏, 恐, 怯, 驚, 惶, 悚, 懾, 恇
Formal (Written Standard Chinese)		害怕, 懼怕, 畏懼
Northeastern Mandarin	Beijing	害怕, 怕
	Taiwan	害怕, 怕
	Harbin	害怕, 發毛
	Malaysia	怕
	Singapore	怕, 害怕
Jilu Mandarin	Jinan	害怕, 怕, 打怵
Jiaoliao Mandarin	Yantai (Muping)	害怕, 怵
Central Plains Mandarin	Luoyang	害怕, 怕
	Wanrong	驚
	Xi'an	害怕, 怕, 怯火
	Xuzhou	嫌怕, 打怵
Lanyin Mandarin	Yinchuan	害怕, 嚇
	Lanzhou	害怕, 怯, 怯乎, 怯豁
	Ürümqi	害怕
Southwestern Mandarin	Chengdu	害怕, 怕, 虛火, 虛
	Wuhan	嚇不過, 怕
	Guiyang	害怕, 怕
	Kunming	害怕
	Guilin	怕
	Liuzhou	慌
Jianghuai Mandarin	Nanjing	嚇怕, 怕
	Yangzhou	害怕, 怕, 怕懼, 懼乎
	Hefei	怕
Cantonese	Guangzhou	驚, 怕, 慌, 窒
	Hong Kong	驚, 怕, 慌
	Hong Kong (Kam Tin; Weitou)	狂
	Macau	驚
	Guangzhou (Panyu)	驚
	Guangzhou (Huashan, Huadu)	慌
	Guangzhou (Conghua)	驚
	Guangzhou (Zengcheng)	好怕
	Foshan	驚, 窒
	Foshan (Shatou, Nanhai)	慌, 怕
	Foshan (Shunde)	慌
	Foshan (Sanshui)	慌
	Foshan (Mingcheng, Gaoming)	慌
	Zhongshan (Shiqi)	驚
	Zhongshan (Huancheng)	驚
	Zhongshan (Nanlang)	驚
	Zhongshan (Xiaolan)	慌
	Zhongshan (Dongsheng, Xiaolan)	慌
	Zhongshan (Tanbei, Xiaolan)	慌
	Zhongshan (Henglan)	慌
	Zhongshan (Dongfeng)	慌
	Zhongshan (Nantou)	慌
	Zhongshan (Fusha)	慌
	Zhongshan (Shalang)	慌
	Zhongshan (Gangkou)	慌
	Zhongshan (Huangpu)	慌, 驚
	Zhongshan (Sanjiao)	狂, 驚
	Zhongshan (Langwang, Minzhong)	慌, 驚
	Zhongshan (Minzhong)	慌, 驚
	Zhongshan (Guzhen)	𢗉
	Zhongshan (Banfu)	慌, 驚
	Zhongshan (Tanzhou)	慌, 驚
	Zhuhai (Qianshan, Xiangzhou)	驚
	Zhuhai (Shangheng, Doumen; Tanka)	驚
	Zhuhai (Doumen)	驚
	Jiangmen (Baisha)	驚
	Jiangmen (Xinhui)	驚
	Taishan	𢗉
	Kaiping (Chikan)	𢗉
	Enping (Niujiang)	𢗉
	Heshan (Yayao)	慌
	Dongguan	狂
	Shenzhen (Shajing, Bao'an)	驚
	Shaoguan	驚, 窒
	Yunfu	怕, 驚
	Yangjiang	𢗉
	Xinyi	狂
	Lianjiang	驚
	Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu)	驚, 怕
	Singapore (Guangfu)	驚, 怕
Gan	Nanchang	怕
Gan	Lichuan	怕
Hakka	Meixian	驚, 怕畏, 畏, 怕
	Huizhou (Huicheng; Bendihua)	狂
	Dongguan (Qingxi)	狂
	Shenzhen (Shatoujiao)	好狂
	Zhongshan (Nanlang Heshui)	驚
	Wuhua (Huacheng)	怕, 驚, 畏
	Heyuan (Bendihua)	驚
	Wengyuan	驚
	Liannan	驚
	Guangzhou (Lütian, Conghua)	狂
	Jiexi	驚
	Zhao'an (Xiuzhuan)	驚
	Changting	怕
	Wuping	怕
	Wuping (Yanqian)	怕
	Liancheng	嚇
	Ninghua	怕
	Ningdu	怕
	Tonggu (Sandu)	怕
	Ganzhou (Panlong)	怕
	Dayu	怕
	Miaoli (N. Sixian)	驚
	Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian)	驚
	Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu)	驚
	Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu)	驚
	Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping)	驚
	Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an)	驚
	Hong Kong	狂, 驚
	Mengshan (Xihe)	怕
	Luchuan	狂
	Sabah (Longchuan)	狂
	Senai (Huiyang)	狂
	Singkawang	驚
Huizhou	Jixi	怕, 嚇
Jin	Taiyuan	害怕, 怕
Jin	Xinzhou	著怕, 怕
Northern Min	Jian'ou	驚, 怕, 怯, 畏
	Jian'ou (Dikou)	驚
	Songxi	驚
	Zhenghe	驚
	Zhenghe (Zhenqian)	驚
	Jianyang	驚
	Jianyang (Huangkeng)	畏
	Wuyishan	嚇
	Pucheng (Shibei)	嚇
Eastern Min	Fuzhou	驚
	Fuzhou (Changle)	驚
	Lianjiang	驚
	Fuqing	驚
	Pingtan	驚
	Yongtai	驚
	Minqing	驚
	Gutian	驚
	Pingnan	驚
	Luoyuan	驚
	Fu'an	驚
	Ningde	驚
	Xiapu	驚
	Zherong	驚
	Shouning	驚
	Zhouning	驚
	Fuding	驚
	Singapore (Fuqing)	驚
Southern Min	Xiamen	驚, 著驚, 驚惶, 懾, 懾屎, 會攝, 掣
	Xiamen (Tong'an)	驚
	Quanzhou	驚, 著驚, 懾, 懾屎, 會攝, 掣
	Jinjiang	驚
	Nan'an	驚
	Shishi	驚
	Hui'an	驚
	Anxi	驚
	Yongchun	驚
	Dehua	驚
	Zhangzhou	驚, 著驚, 驚惶, 懾, 會攝, 掣
	Zhangzhou (Longhai)	驚
	Zhangzhou (Changtai)	驚
	Hua'an	驚
	Nanjing	驚
	Pinghe	驚
	Zhangpu	驚
	Yunxiao	驚
	Zhao'an	驚
	Dongshan	驚
	Kaohsiung	驚
	Yilan	驚
	Changhua (Lukang)	驚
	Taichung	驚
	Taichung (Wuqi)	驚惶
	Tainan	驚
	Taitung	驚
	Hsinchu	驚
	Kinmen	驚
	Penghu (Magong)	驚
	Penang (Hokkien)	驚
	Singapore (Hokkien)	驚
	Manila (Hokkien)	驚
	Longyan	嚇
	Zhangping	驚
	Datian	驚
	Chaozhou	驚, 畏
	Raoping	驚
	Shantou	驚
	Jieyang	驚, 畏
	Haifeng	驚
	Johor Bahru (Teochew)	驚
	Singapore (Teochew)	驚
	Leizhou	驚
	Wenchang	驚
	Haikou	驚
	Qionghai	驚
	Singapore (Hainanese)	驚
Puxian Min	Putian	驚
	Putian (Donghai, Chengxiang)	驚
	Putian (Jiangkou, Hanjiang)	驚
	Putian (Nanri, Xiuyu)	驚
	Xianyou	驚
	Xianyou (Fengting)	驚
	Xianyou (Youyang)	驚
Central Min	Yong'an	驚
	Sanming (Sanyuan)	驚
	Sanming (Shaxian)	驚
Zhongshan Min	Zhongshan (Longdu, Shaxi)	驚
Southern Pinghua	Nanning (Tingzi)	狂, 怕
Wu	Shanghai	怕, 嚇
	Shanghai (Chongming)	嚇
	Suzhou	怕, 嚇
	Danyang	怕
	Hangzhou	怕, 嚇, 慌, 怕慌, 發毛
	Ningbo	怕, 嚇
	Wenzhou	怕, 嚇
	Jinhua	光
Xiang	Changsha	怕, 畏怯
	Loudi	怕
	Shuangfeng	怕

Descendants

Sino-Xenic (驚惶):

→ Japanese: 驚惶(きょうこう) (kyōkō)
→ Korean: 경황(驚惶) (gyeonghwang)
→ Vietnamese: kinh hoàng (驚惶)

References

“驚惶”, in 教育部臺灣台語常用詞辭典 [Dictionary of Frequently-Used Taiwanese Taigi] (overall work in Mandarin and Hokkien), Ministry of Education, R.O.C., 2025.