馘

馘 (Kangxi radical 185, 首+8, 17 strokes, cangjie input 廿山戈口一 (TUIRM), four-corner 8365₀, composition ⿰首或)

1. cut off left ear
2. tally dead enemy

• 𢹖, 𩉕

• Kangxi Dictionary: page 1428, character 13
• Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 44507
• Dae Jaweon: page 1954, character 17
• Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 7, page 4501, character 21
• Unihan data for U+9998

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *kʷrɯːɡ): semantic 首 (“head”) + phonetic 或 (OC *ɡʷɯːɡ). This character largely displaced 聝 (OC *kʷrɯːɡ) in the received corpus of ancient classics. See also 𢦞.

馘

1. (historical) severed left ear of a slain enemy (as trophy and tally for military merit)

   • 矯矯虎臣，在泮獻馘。 [Pre-Classical Chinese, trad.]
     矫矫虎臣，在泮献馘。 [Pre-Classical Chinese, simp.]

     From: The Classic of Poetry, c. 11^th – 7^th centuries BCE, translated based on James Legge's version

     Jiǎojiǎo hǔchén, zài Pàn xiàn guó. [Pinyin]

     His martial-looking, tiger leaders,
     Will here (at the Pan Gong) present the left ears [of their foes].

2. (historical) to cut off the left ear of an enemy
3. (by extension) killed enemy; dead enemy
4. (by extension, rare) to kill

   • 又見乎千七百八十九年法國之大變革，嘗馘其王，刈其貴族，流血遍國內也，益以為所謂Revo者必當如是。 [Literary Chinese, trad.]
     又见乎千七百八十九年法国之大变革，尝馘其王，刈其贵族，流血遍国内也，益以为所谓Revo者必当如是。 [Literary Chinese, simp.]

     From: 1902, December 14, Liang Qichao (梁啟超), Explaining 革 (gé, “to reform or to wage a revolution”) （《釋革》）

     Yòu jiàn hū qiānqībǎibāshíjiǔ nián Fǎguó zhī dà biàngé, cháng guó qí wáng, yì qí guìzú, liúxuè biàn guónèi yě, yì yǐwéi suǒwèi Revo zhě bì dāng rúshì. [Pinyin]

     Witnessing the French Revolution as of 1789, during which Louis XVI was executed and the aristocracy was uprooted, bloodshed all over the country, a growing belief emerged that this is what so-called revolution has to be like.

The pronunciation was uncertain due to the sparsity of attestation, namely one sentence in the Zhuangzi, which might have been affected by textual error. The following was based on those of 𤷇, whose reading in the 切韻 system would have been homophonic to that of 洫 (MC xwik) > Mandarin 洫 (xù).

馘

1. The meaning of this term is uncertain. Possibilities include:^[2]
   1. cheek; face

      • 夫處窮閭阨巷，困窘織屨，槁項黃馘者，商之所短也；一悟萬乘之主，而從車百乘者，商之所長也。 [Traditional Chinese poetry, trad.]
        夫处穷闾阨巷，困窘织屦，槁项黄馘者，商之所短也；一悟万乘之主，而从车百乘者，商之所长也。 [Traditional Chinese poetry, simp.]

        From: Zhuangzi, circa 3^rd – 2^nd centuries BCE, translated based on James Legge's version

        Fú chù qiónglǘ èxiàng, kùnjiǒng zhī jù, gǎoxiànghuángxù zhě, Shāng zhī suǒduǎn yě; yī wù wànchéng zhī zhǔ, ér cóngchē bǎichéng zhě, Shāng zhī suǒcháng yě. [Pinyin]

        Living in a narrow lane of a poor mean hamlet, weaving sandals amid distress of poverty, with a weazen neck and yellow face - that is what I [Cao Shang] should find it difficult to do. But as soon as I come to an understanding with the Lord of a myriad carriages, to find myself with a retinue of a hundred carriages - that is wherein I excel.

   2. alternative form of 𤷇 (xù, “headache; aching head”)

• “馘”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎^[1], 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–

(Hyōgai kanji)

1. To cut off (the left) ear as proof of defeating an enemy.
2. To cut off the head.
3. To Fire.

• Go-on: かく (kaku)^{←くわく (kwaku, historical)}
• Kan-on: きゃく (kyaku)^{←きやく (kyaku, historical)←くゐやく (kwiyaku, ancient)}
• Kun: みみきる (mimikiru, 馘る)、くびきる (kubikiru, 馘る)、くび (kubi)

• 馘(くび)になる (kubi ni naru)

馘 (eum 괵 (goek))

1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.