京都

Chinese

		capital; Beijing (abbrev.)	metropolis; capital city; all metropolis; capital city; all; both (if two things are involved); entirely; even; already
simp. and trad. (京都)		京	都

Etymology 1

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): jīngdū

(Zhuyin): ㄐㄧㄥㄉㄨ
Cantonese (Jyutping): ging¹ dou¹
Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): kiaⁿ-to͘ / keng-to͘

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: jīngdū
  - Zhuyin: ㄐㄧㄥㄉㄨ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: jingdu
  - Wade–Giles: ching¹-tu¹
  - Yale: jīng-dū
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jingdu
  - Palladius: цзинду (czindu)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡ɕiŋ⁵⁵ tu⁵⁵/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
  - Jyutping: ging¹ dou¹
  - Yale: gīng dōu
  - Cantonese Pinyin: ging¹ dou¹
  - Guangdong Romanization: ging¹ dou¹
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kɪŋ⁵⁵ tou̯⁵⁵/
Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kiaⁿ-to͘
  - Tâi-lô: kiann-too
  - Phofsit Daibuun: kvia'dof
  - IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung): /kiã⁴⁴⁻³³ tɔ⁴⁴/
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /kiã³³ tɔ³³/
  - IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /kiã⁴⁴⁻²² tɔ⁴⁴/
- (Hokkien: General Taiwanese)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: keng-to͘
  - Tâi-lô: king-too
  - Phofsit Daibuun: kengdof
  - IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung): /kiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ tɔ⁴⁴/

Note:

kiaⁿ-to͘ - vernacular;
keng-to͘ - literary.

Middle Chinese: kjaeng tu

Rime
Character	京	都
Reading #	1/1	1/1
Initial (聲)	見 (28)	端 (5)
Final (韻)	庚 (111)	模 (23)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open	Open
Division (等)	III	I
Fanqie	舉卿切	當孤切
Baxter	kjaeng	tu
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/kˠiæŋ/	/tuo/
Pan Wuyun	/kᵚiaŋ/	/tuo/
Shao Rongfen	/kiaŋ/	/to/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/kiajŋ/	/tɔ/
Li Rong	/kiɐŋ/	/to/
Wang Li	/kĭɐŋ/	/tu/
Bernhard Karlgren	/ki̯ɐŋ/	/tuo/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	jīng	dū
Expected Cantonese Reflex	ging¹	dou¹

Noun

京都

(literary) capital city (of a country)
- 卓到，廢帝為弘農王而立獻帝，京都大亂。 [Literary Chinese, trad.]
  卓到，废帝为弘农王而立献帝，京都大乱。 [Literary Chinese, simp.]
  From: Chen Shou, Records of the Three Kingdoms, circa 3^rd century CE
  Zhuó dào, fèi dì wéi Hóngnóng Wáng ér lì Xiàn Dì, jīngdū dàluàn. [Pinyin]
  (please add an English translation of this quotation)
- 聞船中夜彈琵琶者，聽其音，錚錚然有京都聲。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
  闻船中夜弹琵琶者，听其音，铮铮然有京都声。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]
  From: 816, Bai Juyi, 琵琶行
  Wén chuán zhōng yè dàn pípá zhě, tīng qí yīn, zhēngzhēng rán yǒu jīngdū shēng. [Pinyin]
  (please add an English translation of this quotation)

Usage notes

When translating the English term capital city, use 首都 (shǒudū) when referring to the capital of a country, 首府 (shǒufǔ) when referring to the capital of a state or autonomous region, and 省會／省会 (shěnghuì) when referring to the capital of a province. Alternative terms for the capital of a country include 國都／国都 (guódū), 京城 (jīngchéng), 京都 (jīngdū), 京邑 (jīngyì) and 都城 (dūchéng) all of which are more commonly used in literary language.

Synonyms

edit

上國 / 上国 (shàngguó) (literary)
京城 (jīngchéng) (literary)
京師 / 京师 (jīngshī) (literary)
京華 / 京华 (jīnghuá) (literary)
京邑 (jīngyì) (literary)
國家 / 国家 (guójiā) (Classical Chinese)
國都 / 国都 (guódū)
帝都 (dìdū) (imperial capital)
王京 (wángjīng) (literary, royal capital)
王都 (wángdū) (formal, royal capital)
皇州 (huángzhōu) (literary, imperial capital)
神州 (shénzhōu) (literary)
都城 (dūchéng)
都邑 (dūyì) (literary)
都門 / 都门 (dūmén) (literary)
鎬京 / 镐京 (hàojīng) (literary)
長安 / 长安 (cháng'ān) (literary, figurative)
首都 (shǒudū)

Derived terms

京都排骨
京都肉排 (Jīngdū ròupái)
京都骨 (jīngdōugǔ)

Descendants

Sino-Xenic (京都):

→ Japanese: 京都(きょうと) (Kyōto)

Etymology 2

Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 京都 (Kyōto).

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): Jīngdū

(Zhuyin): ㄐㄧㄥㄉㄨ
Cantonese (Jyutping): ging¹ dou¹
Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): Kiaⁿ-to͘

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: Jīngdū
  - Zhuyin: ㄐㄧㄥㄉㄨ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: Jingdu
  - Wade–Giles: Ching¹-tu¹
  - Yale: Jīng-dū
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: Jingdu
  - Palladius: Цзинду (Czindu)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡ɕiŋ⁵⁵ tu⁵⁵/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
  - Jyutping: ging¹ dou¹
  - Yale: gīng dōu
  - Cantonese Pinyin: ging¹ dou¹
  - Guangdong Romanization: ging¹ dou¹
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kɪŋ⁵⁵ tou̯⁵⁵/
Southern Min
- (Hokkien: General Taiwanese)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Kiaⁿ-to͘
  - Tâi-lô: Kiann-too
  - Phofsit Daibuun: kvia'dof
  - IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung): /kiã⁴⁴⁻³³ tɔ⁴⁴/

Proper noun

京都

(～市) Kyoto (a city in Kyoto Prefecture, Japan)
(～府) Kyoto (a prefecture of Japan)

Japanese

Etymology 1

Kanji in this term
京	都
きょう Grade: 2	と Grade: 3
goon	kan'on

Alternative spelling
(kyūjitai)

/kjauto/ → /kjɔːto/ → /kjoːto/

From Middle Chinese 京都 (kjaeng tu, literally “capital city”).

Pronunciation

(Tokyo) きょーと [kyóꜜòtò] (Atamadaka – [1])^[1]
IPA^(key): [kʲo̞ːto̞]
Audio: (file)

(Kyoto) きょーと [kyóꜜòtò] (Kōki)^[1]

Historical evolution of the Kyoto pitch accent

(the Edo period) HLL

※ H for high and flat syllables (◌́), L for low and flat syllables (◌̀), F for high-to-low syllables (◌̂), R for low-to-high syllables (◌̌).
※ References: ^[1]

Proper noun

京(きょう)都(と) • (Kyōto) ^{←きやうと (Kyauto)^?}

a placename, especially:
1. short for 京都府 (Kyōto-fu): Kyoto, Kyoto Prefecture (a prefecture of Japan)
2. short for 京都市 (Kyōto-shi): Kyoto (the capital city of Kyoto Prefecture, Japan)
  Synonyms: 京 (Kyō), 京の都 (Kyō no miyako)
a surname
a female given name

Derived terms

京都五山(きょうとござん) (Kyōto Gozan)
京都御所(きょうとごしょ) (Kyōto Gosho)
京都所司(きょうとしょし)代(だい) (Kyōto Shoshidai)
京都代官(きょうとだいかん) (Kyōto Daikan)
京都弁(きょうとべん) (Kyōto-ben)
京都盆地(きょうとぼんち) (Kyōto Bonchi)
京都守護(きょうとしゅご) (Kyōto Shugo)
小(しょう)京都(きょうと) (shō-Kyōto)

Descendants

→ English: Kyoto
→ Korean: 교토 (Gyoto)
→ Portuguese: Kyoto
→ Russian: Кио́то m (Kióto)
→ Vietnamese: Kinh Đô

Etymology 2

Kanji in this term
京	都
みやこ
Grade: 2	Grade: 3
jukujikun

Alternative spelling
(kyūjitai)

For pronunciation and definitions of 京都 – see the following entry.

【都みやこ】3

[noun] (archaic) the place of residence of the emperor

[noun] (by extension) a capital city

[noun] (by extension) a capital (most important city in the field specified), an economic and political center, a metropolis

[noun] (shogi, colloquial) short for 都詰め (miyakozume): moving the 王将 (ōshō)/玉将 (gyokushō, “king”) to the center of the board with other pieces close together

[proper noun] a placename

[proper noun] a surname

[proper noun] a female given name

Alternative spelling
京

(This term, 京都, is an alternative spelling of the above term.)

References

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 “きょうと［キャウト］【京都】”, in 日本国語大辞典 [Nihon Kokugo Daijiten]‎^[1] (in Japanese), 2nd edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, 2000-2002, released online 2007, →ISBN, concise edition entry available here

Okinawan

Kanji in this term
京	都
Grade: 2	Grade: 3

Alternative spelling
(kyūjitai)

Etymology

Borrowed from Japanese 京都 (Kyōto), with phonological nativization.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /t͡ɕoːtu/

Proper noun

京都(ちょーとぅ) (Chōtu)

Kyoto (a prefecture of Japan)
Kyoto (the capital city of Kyoto Prefecture, Japan)

References

Kokuritsu Kokugo Kenkyūjo (国立国語研究所) (1963) 沖縄語辞典 (Okinawa-go Jiten) [Dictionary of the Okinawan Language] (in Japanese), Tokyo (東京): Okurashō Insatsu Kyoku (財務省印刷局)

Vietnamese

chữ Hán Nôm in this term
京	都

Proper noun

京都

chữ Hán form of Kinh Đô (“Kyoto”)
1. a prefecture of Japan
2. the capital city of Kyoto Prefecture, Japan

[NKD2O-1] 1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 “きょうと［キャウト］【京都】”, in 日本国語大辞典 [Nihon Kokugo Daijiten]‎^[1] (in Japanese), 2nd edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, 2000-2002, released online 2007, →ISBN, concise edition entry available here

[1]

京都

Chinese

Etymology 1

Pronunciation

Noun

Usage notes

Synonyms

Derived terms

Descendants

See also

Etymology 2

Pronunciation

Proper noun

Japanese

Etymology 1

Pronunciation

Proper noun

Derived terms

Descendants

See also

Etymology 2

References

Okinawan

Etymology

Pronunciation

Proper noun

References

Vietnamese

Proper noun