京

京 (Kangxi radical 8, 亠+6, 8 strokes, cangjie input 卜口火 (YRF), four-corner 0090₆, composition ⿳亠口小)

• 剠, 勍, 就, 鶁, 景, 麖
• 倞, 婛, 弶, 惊, 掠, 涼 (凉), 猄, 晾, 椋, 㹁, 琼, 䁁, 䃄, 稤, 綡 (𫟅), 翞, 諒 (谅), 䝶, 輬 (辌), 䣼, 鍄 (𨱉), 鯨 (鲸), 黥

• Kangxi Dictionary: page 88, character 19
• Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 299
• Dae Jaweon: page 187, character 11
• Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 284, character 6
• Unihan data for U+4EAC

Pictogram (象形) – a tall building (i.e. a tower). Compare 高.

When used as a component on top of the character, the character loses the bottom part 小. (e.g., 亮 and 亭). Unrelated to the top component of 离, which represents grass.

Either from:

• Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s-gaŋ (“hill, ridge, mountain”) (STEDT), cognate with 岡 (OC *klaːŋ, “hill, crest”), 鯨 (OC *ɡraŋ, “whale”), Tibetan སྒང་ (sgang, “ridge; mound”), Burmese ခင် (hkang, “ridge”), Burmese အခေါင် (a.hkaung, “summit”), Lahu qhɔ³³ (“mountain”), Puroik gɹaŋ³³ (“mountain”), Proto-Tamangic *ᴬgaŋ ("hill, mountain"); or
• of Austroasiatic origin, compare Proto-Mon-Khmer *graŋ (“hill, peak”) (Schuessler, 2007), whence Mon ဂြၚ် (krɛ̀aŋ, “peak”) and Old Khmer grāṅ (“hill on flat land”).

Within Chinese, cognate with 景 (OC *kraŋʔ, “large”), 鯨 (OC *ɡraŋ, “whale”) (Schuessler, 2007).

京

1. (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) capital (city)

   京城  ―  jīngchéng  ―  capital city

   京畿  ―  jīngjī  ―  capital city and its surrounding area

   泰京  ―  Tàijīng  ―  (Thailand) Bangkok (the capital city of Thailand)

   墨京  ―  Mòjīng  ―  (dated) Mexico City (the capital city of Mexico)

   • 三后在天，王配于京。 [Pre-Classical Chinese, trad. and simp.]

     From: The Classic of Poetry, c. 11^th – 7^th centuries BCE, translated based on James Legge's version

     Sān hòu zài tiān, wáng pèi yú jīng. [Pinyin]

     The three sovereigns were in heaven; and king [Wu] was their worthy successor in his capital.

2. short for 北京 (Běijīng, “Beijing”) after 1949

   京劇／京剧  ―  jīngjù  ―  Beijing opera

   京腔  ―  jīngqiāng  ―  Beijing accent

   京杭大運河／京杭大运河  ―  Jīng-Háng Dàyùnhé  ―  Grand Canal (from Beijing to Hangzhou)

3. short for 南京 (Nánjīng, “Nanjing”) between 1927–1948
4. short for 京都 (jīngdū, “Kyoto”) when referring Japan-related topics
5. ten quadrillion, 10¹⁶
6. (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) tall mound

   • 曾孫之庾，如坻如京。 [Pre-Classical Chinese, trad.]
     曾孙之庾，如坻如京。 [Pre-Classical Chinese, simp.]

     From: The Classic of Poetry, c. 11^th – 7^th centuries BCE, translated based on James Legge's version

     Céngsūn zhī yǔ, rú dǐ rú jīng. [Pinyin]

     The stacks of the distant descendant, will stand like islands and mounds.

7. (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) large barn
8. (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) large; great

   • 有媯之後，將育于姜，五世其昌，並于正卿，八世之後，莫之與京。 [Traditional Chinese poetry, trad.]
     有妫之后，将育于姜，五世其昌，并于正卿，八世之后，莫之与京。 [Traditional Chinese poetry, simp.]

     From: Commentary of Zuo, c. 4^th century BCE

     Yǒuguī zhīhòu, jiāng yù yú Jiāng, wǔshìqíchāng, bìng yú zhèngqīng, bā shì zhīhòu, mò zhī yǔ jīng. [Pinyin]

     The posterity of this scion of the Gui [surname of the House of Chen] will be nourished among the Jiang [surname of the House of Qi]. In five generations they will be prosperous, and the highest ministers in Qi; in eight, there will be none to compare with them for greatness.

9. (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) ten million, 10⁷
10. (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) septillion, 10²⁴
11. (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) A hundred nonillion, 10³²

• “京”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎^[1], 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–
• Dictionary of Chinese Character Variants (教育部異體字字典), A00065

From Vietnamese Kinh, in turn from Sino-Vietnamese word from 京 (“capital”).

京

1. Gin (ethnic Vietnamese from China)

(Second grade kyōiku kanji)

1. capital city
2. ten quadrillion (short scale); ten thousand billion (long scale); 10¹⁶
3. Tokyo
4. Kyoto

• Go-on: きょう (kyō, Jōyō)^{←きやう (kyau, historical)}
• Kan-on: けい (kei, Jōyō)
• Tō-on: きん (kin)
• Kun: みやこ (miyako, 京)
• Nanori: あつ (atsu)、たか (taka)

From Middle Chinese 京 (MC kjaeng).

• (Tokyo) きょー [kyóꜜò] (Atamadaka – [1])
• IPA^(key): [kʲo̞ː]

京(きょう) • (kyō) ^{←きやう (kyau)?}

1. capital city
2. short for 京都 (Kyōto, “Kyōto (a city in Kyōto, Japan)”)

   京言葉(きょうことば) (kyōkotoba)

   京(きょう)料理(りょうり) (kyōryōri, literally “Kyōto cuisine”)

   京(きょう)の着(き)倒(だお)れ、大(おお)阪(さか)の食(く)い倒(だお)れ

   Kyō no kidaore, Ōsaka no kuidaore

   Spend Your Money on Fashion in Kyoto, eat till you’re broke in Osaka

京(きょう) • (kyō) ^{←きやう (kyau)?}

1. capital city

   Synonyms: 都 (miyako), (literary) 洛 (raku)

2. (specifically) Kyōto (a city in Kyōto, Japan)

   Synonym: (literary) 洛 (raku)

3. (especially) Tōkyō (a province of Japan)

   上京(じょうきょう) (jōkyō)

• (Tokyo) けー [kéꜜè] (Atamadaka – [1])
• IPA^(key): [ke̞ː]

京(けい) • (kei) 

1. 10,000,000,000,000,000, 10¹⁶, (US) ten quadrillion, (UK) ten thousand billion

• (Tokyo) かなどめ [kànáꜜdòmè] (Nakadaka – [2])
• IPA^(key): [ka̠na̠do̞me̞]

京(かなどめ) • (Kanadome) 

1. a surname

• 경 (亰, gyeong)

From Middle Chinese 京 (MC kjaeng). (This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium. Particularly: “what is its historical reading?”)

京 (eumhun 서울 경 (seoul gyeong))
京 (eumhun 경 경 (gyeong gyeong))

1. hanja form^? of 경 (“capital”)
2. hanja form^? of 경 (“10,000,000,000,000,000, 10¹⁶, (US) ten quadrillion, (UK) ten thousand billion”)

• 서울 (Seoul, “capital; Seoul”)
• 수도 (首都, sudo, “capital”)

• 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典. [2]
• Supreme Court of the Republic of Korea (대한민국 대법원, Daehanmin'guk Daebeobwon) (2018). Table of hanja for personal names (인명용 한자표 / 人名用漢字表, Inmyeong-yong hanja-pyo), page 3. [3]

京: Hán Việt readings: kinh^{[1][2][3][4][5][6]}, nguyên
京: Nôm readings: kinh^[1][2][3], kiêng^[1][2][3][7], kềnh^[1], kình^[1]

京 • (kinh)

1. chữ Hán form of kinh (“capital city”)

京 • (Kinh)

1. chữ Hán form of Kinh (“ethnically Vietnamese”)

京 • (kiêng)

1. chữ Nôm form of kiêng (“to respect”)