億

See also: 亿

億	U+5104, 億 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-5104

← 儃
[U+5103]

CJK Unified Ideographs

儅 →
[U+5105]

Translingual

Han character

億 (Kangxi radical 9, 人+13, 15 strokes, cangjie input 人卜廿心 (OYTP), four-corner 2023₆, composition ⿰亻意)

Derived characters

𨯑, 𬟆

References

Kangxi Dictionary: page 118, character 27
Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 1178
Dae Jaweon: page 252, character 1
Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 227, character 6
Unihan data for U+5104

Chinese

trad.		億
simp.		亿^*

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 億
Warring States	Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)	Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Bronze inscriptions	Small seal script	Transcribed ancient scripts

Bronze inscriptions b12362 b15389 Small seal script s05812 s07653 Transcribed ancient scripts L28411 L28412 L28413
References: Mostly from Richard Sears' Chinese Etymology site (authorisation), which in turn draws data from various collections of ancient forms of Chinese characters, including: Shuowen Jiezi (small seal), Jinwen Bian (bronze inscriptions), Liushutong (Liushutong characters) and Yinxu Jiaguwen Bian (oracle bone script).

Characters in the same phonetic series (意) (Zhengzhang, 2003)

	Old Chinese
噫	qrɯːɡs, qɯ
譩	qɯ, qɯʔ, *qɯl
醷	qɯʔ, qɯɡ
意	*qɯɡs
鷾	*qɯɡs
憶	*qɯɡ
億	*qɯɡ
臆	*qɯɡ
繶	*qɯɡ
澺	*qɯɡ
薏	*qɯɡ
檍	*qɯɡ
癔	*qɯɡ

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *qɯɡ): semantic 人 + phonetic 意 (OC *qɯɡs).

Etymology

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Standard)
(Pinyin): yì (yi⁴)

(Zhuyin): ㄧˋ

(Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): yi⁴
Cantonese
(Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): jik¹

(Taishan, Wiktionary): yet²
Gan (Wiktionary): i⁴
Hakka
(Sixian, PFS): yi / yit

(Hailu, HRS): rhi^ˇ

(Meixian, Guangdong): yi⁴
Jin (Wiktionary): i³
Northern Min (KCR): i̿
Eastern Min (BUC): é
Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): i⁵ / i⁴ / ih⁶
Southern Min
(Hokkien, POJ): ek / iak

(Teochew, Peng'im): êg⁸
Wu (Northern, Wugniu): ⁵i / ⁶yi / ⁷iq / ⁷ieq
Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): i⁴

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: yì
  - Zhuyin: ㄧˋ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: yì
  - Wade–Giles: i⁴
  - Yale: yì
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: yih
  - Palladius: и (i)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /i⁵¹/
- (Chengdu)
  - Sichuanese Pinyin: yi⁴
  - Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: i
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /i²¹³/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
  - Jyutping: jik¹
  - Yale: yīk
  - Cantonese Pinyin: jik⁷
  - Guangdong Romanization: yig¹
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /jɪk̚⁵/
- (Taishanese, Taicheng)
  - Wiktionary: yet²
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /jet̚⁵⁵/
Gan
- (Nanchang)
  - Wiktionary: i⁴
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /i³⁵/
Hakka
- (Northern Sixian, incl. Miaoli)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: yi / yit
  - Hakka Romanization System: i / id^ˋ
  - Hagfa Pinyim: yi⁴ / yid⁵
  - Sinological IPA: /i⁵⁵/, /it̚²/
- (Southern Sixian, incl. Neipu)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: yi
  - Hakka Romanization System: (r)i
  - Hagfa Pinyim: yi⁴
  - Sinological IPA: /(j)i⁵⁵/
- (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
  - Hakka Romanization System: rhi^ˇ
  - Sinological IPA: /ʒi¹¹/
- (Meixian)
  - Guangdong: yi⁴
  - Sinological IPA: /i⁵³/
Jin
- (Taiyuan)⁺
  - Wiktionary: i³
  - Sinological IPA (old-style): /i⁴⁵/
Northern Min
- (Jian'ou)
  - Kienning Colloquial Romanized: i̿
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /i³³/
Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
  - Bàng-uâ-cê: é
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ɛi²¹³/
Puxian Min
- (Putian)
  - Pouseng Ping'ing: i⁵
  - Báⁿ-uā-ci̍: ī
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /i¹¹/
- (Xianyou)
  - Pouseng Ping'ing: i⁴
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /i⁴²/
- (Putian)
  - Pouseng Ping'ing: ih⁶
  - Báⁿ-uā-ci̍: ih
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /iʔ²¹/
- (Xianyou)
  - Pouseng Ping'ing: ih⁶
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /iʔ²/

Note: ih6 - rarely used.

Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: ek
  - Tâi-lô: ik
  - Phofsit Daibuun: eg
  - IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Taipei, Kaohsiung): /iɪk̚³²/
- (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: iak
  - Tâi-lô: iak
  - Phofsit Daibuun: iag
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /iak̚⁵/
- (Teochew)
  - Peng'im: êg⁸
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: e̍k
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ek̚⁴/
Wu
- (Northern: Shanghai, Songjiang, Suzhou)
  - Wugniu: ⁵i
  - MiniDict: i^去
  - Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): ²i
  - Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /i³⁴/
  - Sinological IPA (Songjiang): /i³⁵/
  - Sinological IPA (Suzhou): /i⁵²³/
- (Northern: Shanghai)
  - Wugniu: ⁶yi
  - MiniDict: yi^去
  - Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): ³hhi
  - Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /ɦi²³/
- (Northern: Shanghai)
  - Wugniu: ⁷iq
  - MiniDict: ih^入
  - Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): ⁴iq
  - Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /iɪʔ⁵⁵/
- (Northern: Songjiang)
  - Wugniu: ⁷ieq
  - Sinological IPA (Songjiang): /iʌʔ⁴⁴/
Xiang
- (Changsha)
  - Wiktionary: i⁴
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /i⁴⁵/

Middle Chinese: 'ik

Rime
Character	億
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	影 (34)
Final (韻)	職 (134)
Tone (調)	Checked (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	III
Fanqie	於力切
Baxter	'ik
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/ʔɨk̚/
Pan Wuyun	/ʔɨk̚/
Shao Rongfen	/ʔiek̚/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/ʔik̚/
Li Rong	/ʔiək̚/
Wang Li	/ĭək̚/
Bernhard Karlgren	/ʔi̯ək̚/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	yi
Expected Cantonese Reflex	jik¹

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*ʔ(r)ək/

(Zhengzhang): /*qɯɡ/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	億
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	yì
Middle Chinese	‹ ʔik ›
Old Chinese	/*ʔ(r)ək/
English	100000
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	億
Reading #	1/1
No.	15157
Phonetic component	意
Rime group	職
Rime subdivision	0
Corresponding MC rime	憶
Old Chinese	/*qɯɡ/

Definitions

億

hundred million (100,000,000) (sometimes written as 1,0000,0000)
- 2016, Wang Jianlin, A Date With Luyu‎^[2]:
  
  但是呢，最好先定一個能達到的小目標，比方說我先掙它一個億。 [MSC, trad.]
  但是呢，最好先定一个能达到的小目标，比方说我先挣它一个亿。 [MSC, simp.]
  Dànshì ne, zuìhǎo xiān dìng yī ge néng dádào de xiǎo mùbiāo, bǐfāng shuō wǒ xiān zhèng tā yī ge yì. [Pinyin]
  But I think that it's better to set a small goal first. For example, make a hundred million [yuans].
(obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) hundred thousand (100,000)
(obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) peaceful; stable
(obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) brimming; plentiful; abundant
(obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) alternative form of 臆 (yì, “chest”)
(obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) alternative form of 臆 (yì, “to guess; to estimate; to surmise”)
a surname

Compounds

不億 / 不亿
供億 / 供亿
億丈 / 亿丈
億中 / 亿中
億事 / 亿事
億仞 / 亿仞
億代 / 亿代
億億 / 亿亿
億兆 / 亿兆 (yìzhào)
億出 / 亿出
億劫 / 亿劫
億千 / 亿千
億品 / 亿品
億垓 / 亿垓
億姓 / 亿姓
億寧 / 亿宁
億年 / 亿年
億度 / 亿度
億庶 / 亿庶
億康 / 亿康
億庾 / 亿庾
億廩 / 亿廪
億忌 / 亿忌
億恨 / 亿恨
億探 / 亿探
億昌 / 亿昌
億測 / 亿测
億盈 / 亿盈
億眾 / 亿众
億祀 / 亿祀
億福 / 亿福
億萬 / 亿万 (yìwàn)
億萬斯年 / 亿万斯年
億計 / 亿计
億變 / 亿变
億負 / 亿负
億載 / 亿载
億載金城 / 亿载金城
億辛萬苦 / 亿辛万苦
億逆 / 亿逆
億逞 / 亿逞
億醜 / 亿丑
億類 / 亿类
億齡 / 亿龄
兆億 / 兆亿
八十億劫 / 八十亿劫
共億 / 共亿
千億 / 千亿 (qiānyì)
巨億 / 巨亿
庾億 / 庾亿
心億 / 心亿
愊億 / 愊亿
憑億 / 凭亿
百億 / 百亿
積億 / 积亿
綏億 / 绥亿
詭億 / 诡亿
逆億 / 逆亿
鉅億 / 巨亿
餉億 / 饷亿
麗億 / 丽亿

Japanese

Kanji

億

(Fourth grade kyōiku kanji)

Readings

Go-on: おく (oku, Jōyō)
Kan-on: よく (yoku)
Kun: おしはかる (oshihakaru, 億る)、お (o)
Nanori: かた (kata)

Compounds

Etymology

Kanji in this term
億
おく Grade: 4
goon

From Middle Chinese 億 (MC 'ik).

Pronunciation

(Tokyo) おく [óꜜkù] (Atamadaka – [1])^[2]^[3]
IPA^(key): [o̞kɯ̟]

Noun

億(おく) • (oku)

a hundred million, 10⁸

Derived terms

億(おく)ション (okushon)
億(おく)り人(びと) (okuribito)

References

^ “億”, in 漢字ぺディア [Kanjipedia]‎^[1] (in Japanese), The Japan Kanji Aptitude Testing Foundation, 2015–2025
^ Kindaichi, Kyōsuke et al., editors (1974), 新明解国語辞典 [Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten] (in Japanese), Second edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō
^ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN

Korean

Etymology

From Middle Chinese 億 (MC 'ik).

Historical readings

Recorded as Middle Korean ᅙᅳᆨ〮 (Yale: qúk) in Dongguk Jeongun (東國正韻 / 동국정운), 1448.
Recorded as Middle Korean 억〮 (ék)^訓 (Yale: ék) in Hunmong Jahoe (訓蒙字會 / 훈몽자회), 1527.
Recorded as Middle Korean 억 ( ek)^訓 (Yale: ek) in Sinjeung Yuhap (新增類合 / 신증유합), 1576.

Pronunciation

(SK Standard/Seoul) IPA^(key): [ʌ̹k̚]
Phonetic hangul: [억]

Hanja

Wikisource

億 (eumhun 억 억 (eok eok))

hanja form^? of 억 (“a hundred million, 10⁸”)

Compounds

수억(數億) (sueok)
십억(十億) (sibeok)
억겁(億劫) (eokgeop)
억대(億臺) (eokdae)
억만장자(億萬長者) (eongmanjangja)
천억(千億) (cheoneok)

References

국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典. [3]

Vietnamese

Han character

億: Hán Việt readings: ức
億: Nôm readings: tỉ, ức

Noun

億

chữ Hán form of ức (“a hundred thousand”)

[1] “億”, in 漢字ぺディア [Kanjipedia]‎^[1] (in Japanese), The Japan Kanji Aptitude Testing Foundation, 2015–2025

[SMK2-2] Kindaichi, Kyōsuke et al., editors (1974), 新明解国語辞典 [Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten] (in Japanese), Second edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō

[NHK-3] NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN

[1]

[2]

[3]

Chinese numbers
	0	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	10²	10³	10⁴	10⁶	10⁸	10¹²
Normal (小寫 / 小写)	〇, 零, 空	一, 蜀	二, 兩 / 两	三	四	五	六	七	八	九	十	百	千	萬 / 万, 十千 (Malaysia, Singapore)	百萬 / 百万, 桶(Philippines), 面桶 (Philippines)	億 / 亿	兆 (Taiwan) 萬億 / 万亿 (Mainland China)
Financial (大寫 / 大写)	零	壹	貳 / 贰	參 / 叁	肆	伍	陸 / 陆	柒	捌	玖	拾	佰	仟	萬 / 万, 十千 (Malaysia, Singapore)	百萬 / 百万, 桶(Philippines), 面桶 (Philippines)	億 / 亿	兆 (Taiwan) 萬億 / 万亿 (Mainland China)

Japanese numbers
Number	Kanji	Kana	Romaji
0	零	れい、ゼロ	rei, zero
1	一、壱、弌、壹	いち	ichi
2	二、弐、貳、貮	に	ni
3	三、参	さん	san
4	四、肆	よん、し	yon, shi
5	五、伍	ご	go
6	六、陸	ろく	roku
7	七、漆	なな、しち	nana, shichi
8	八、捌	はち	hachi
9	九、玖	きゅう、く	kyū, ku
10	十、拾	じゅう	jū
100	百、陌、佰	ひゃく	hyaku
1,000	千、阡、仟	せん	sen
10,000	一万、万、一萬、萬	いちまん、まん	ichiman, man
100,000,000	一億、億	いちおく、おく	ichioku, oku