jij

See also: їй

Dutch

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): /jɛi̯/
    • Audio:(file)
    • Hyphenation: jij
    • Rhymes: -ɛi̯
  • IPA(key): /jə/ (unstressed, usually written je)

Etymology 1

From Middle Dutch ji, northern form of gi, from Old Dutch gī, from Proto-Germanic *jīz, a northwest Germanic variant of *jūz, from Proto-Indo-European *yúHs. Cognate with Low German ji, jie, English ye, West Frisian jimme, German ihr.

Until the earlier 20th century, jij was considered exclusively colloquial and hardly appeared in writing. The standard equivalent was the doublet gij. However, the latter’s object and possessive forms u and uw interfered with the polite pronoun u that had developed in the northern Netherlands and this could be odd-sounding e.g. in private letters. Therefore the Hollandic colloquial system (with jij, jou and jullie) came to be fully standardized after WWII. Gij has since been restricted to religious and highly formal contexts in the Netherlands, but remains common in Belgium.

Pronoun

jij

  1. you; second-person singular subjective personal pronoun
    Jij was er niet. ― You weren't there.
Usage notes
  • In informal language, often replaced by the unstressed form je, with the form jij used for emphasis or contrast.
In dat restaurant kun je heerlijk eten, ben je daar wel eens geweest? — Nee, jij?
There is great food to be had in that restaurant, have you ever been? — I haven't, have you?
  • jij and je are used in familiar settings. The polite counterpart is u.
Declension
Dutch personal pronouns
subject object possessive reflexive genitive5
singular full unstr. full unstr. full unstr. pred.
1st person ik 'k1 mij me mijn m'n1 mijne me mijner, mijns
2nd person jij je jou je jouw je jouwe je jouwer, jouws
2nd person archaic or regiolectal gij ge u – uw – uwe u uwer, uws
2nd person formal u – u – uw – uwe u, zich7 uwer, uws
3rd person masculine hij ie1 hem 'm1 zijn z'n1 zijne zich zijner, zijns
3rd person feminine zij ze haar h'r1, 'r1, d'r1 haar h'r1, 'r1, d'r1 hare zich harer, haars
3rd person neuter het 't1 het 't1 zijn z'n1 zijne zich zijner, zijns
3rd person gender-neutral8 hen – hen – hun – hunne zich hunner, huns
plural
1st person wij we ons – ons, onze2 – onze ons onzer, onzes
2nd person jullie je jullie je jullie je – je –
2nd person archaic or regiolectal6 gij ge u – uw – uwe u uwer, uws
2nd person formal u – u – uw – uwe u, zich7 uwer, uws
3rd person zij ze hen3, hun4 ze hun – hunne zich hunner, huns
1) Not as common in written language.
2) Inflected as an adjective.
3) In prescriptivist use, used only as direct object (accusative).
4) In prescriptivist use, used only as indirect object (dative).
5) Archaic. Nowadays used for formal, literary or poetic purposes, and in fixed expressions.
6) To differentiate from the singular gij, gelle (object form elle) and variants are commonly used colloquially in Belgium. Archaic forms are gijlieden and gijlui ("you people"). 		7) Zich is preferred if the reflexive pronoun immediately follows the subject pronoun u, e.g. Meldt u zich aan! 'Log in!', and if the subject pronoun u is used with a verb form that is identical with the third person singular but different from the informal second person singular, e.g. U heeft zich aangemeld. 'You have logged in.' Only u can be used in an imperative if the subject pronoun is not overt, e.g. Meld u aan! 'Log in!', where u is the reflexive pronoun. Otherwise, both u and zich are equally possible, e.g. U meldt u/zich aan. 'You log in.'
8) Not officially recognized in standard Dutch. It has gained popularity, especially in mainstream media and queer circles, as a respectful term for non-binary individuals.
Derived terms
Descendants
  • Afrikaans: jy
  • Berbice Creole Dutch: ju
  • Jersey Dutch: jāi
  • Negerhollands: joe, ju
  • Petjo: jij

Etymology 2

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

Verb

jij

  1. inflection of jijen:
    1. first-person singular present indicative
    2. (in case of inversion) second-person singular present indicative
    3. imperative

Haitian Creole

Etymology

From French juge (“judge”).

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): /ʒiʒ/

Noun

jij

  1. judge

Tarifit

Etymology

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Noun

jij m (Tifinagh spelling ⵊⵉⵊ, plural ijijen, diminutive tjitš)

  1. stake
  2. peg

Declension

Inflection of jij
singular plural
free state jij ijijen
construct state ujij yejijen
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