哥
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Translingual
| Stroke order | |||
|---|---|---|---|
Han character
哥 (Kangxi radical 30, 口+7, 10 strokes, cangjie input 一口弓口 (MRNR), four-corner 10621, composition ⿱⿹丅口可(GHTV) or ⿱可可(JK))
Derived characters
Additional Derived Characters
References
- Kangxi Dictionary: page 190, character 8
- Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 3641
- Dae Jaweon: page 409, character 25
- Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 624, character 19
- Unihan data for U+54E5
Chinese
| simp. and trad. |
哥 | |
|---|---|---|
Glyph origin
Characters in the same phonetic series (可) (Zhengzhang, 2003)
| Old Chinese | |
|---|---|
| 砢 | *ɡ·raːlʔ |
| 柯 | *kaːl |
| 菏 | *kaːl, *ɡaːl |
| 牁 | *kaːl |
| 滒 | *kaːl |
| 哥 | *kaːl |
| 歌 | *kaːl |
| 謌 | *kaːl |
| 鴚 | *kaːl |
| 哿 | *kaːlʔ |
| 舸 | *kaːlʔ |
| 笴 | *kaːlʔ, *kaːnʔ |
| 軻 | *kʰaːl, *kʰaːlʔ, *kʰaːls |
| 珂 | *kʰaːl |
| 可 | *kʰaːlʔ |
| 岢 | *kʰaːlʔ |
| 坷 | *kʰaːlʔ, *kʰaːls |
| 蚵 | *kʰaːls, *ɡaːl |
| 呵 | *qʰaːl, *qʰaːls |
| 訶 | *qʰaːl |
| 抲 | *qʰaːl |
| 荷 | *qʰaːls, *ɡaːl, *ɡaːlʔ |
| 何 | *ɡaːl, *ɡaːlʔ |
| 河 | *ɡaːl |
| 苛 | *ɡaːl |
| 魺 | *ɡaːl |
| 袔 | *ɡaːls |
| 阿 | *qaːl |
| 妸 | *qaːl, *qaːlʔ |
| 疴 | *qaːl, *kʰraːls |
| 鈳 | *qaːl |
| 娿 | *qaːl, *qaːlʔ |
| 痾 | *qaːl |
| 跒 | *kʰraːlʔ |
| 閜 | *qʰraːlʔ |
Stacked form of 可 (OC *kʰaːlʔ), perhaps an open mouth with breath going out while talking or singing. In fact, the original meaning of 哥 and perhaps 可 was "to sing; song".
Etymology
- “elder brother”
- This sense is attested in Medieval Chinese, and became popular during the Tang dynasty, gradually displacing 兄 (MC xjwaeng).
- It is a clipping of 阿哥 (MC 'a ka), a borrowing from Xianbei *aqa (“elder brother”) (Mei, 2015). Compare Proto-Mongolic *aka, whence also Mongolian ᠠᠬᠠ (ak-a, “elder brother”). Related to 阿干 (MC 'a kan), which is the definite form of the same Xianbei word (Mei, 2015).
Pronunciation
- Mandarin
- Cantonese
- Gan (Wiktionary): go1
- Hakka
- Jin (Wiktionary): ge1
- Northern Min (KCR): gó̤
- Eastern Min (BUC): gŏ̤
- Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): gor1 / go1
- Southern Min
- Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): 1ku
- Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): go1
- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Hanyu Pinyin: gē
- Zhuyin: ㄍㄜ
- Tongyong Pinyin: ge
- Wade–Giles: ko1
- Yale: gē
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: ge
- Palladius: гэ (gɛ)
- Sinological IPA (key): /kɤ⁵⁵/
- (Standard Chinese, erhua-ed) (哥兒 / 哥儿)
- Hanyu Pinyin: gēr
- Zhuyin: ㄍㄜㄦ
- Tongyong Pinyin: ger
- Wade–Giles: ko1-ʼrh
- Yale: gēr
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: ge'l
- Palladius: гэр (gɛr)
- Sinological IPA (key): /kɤɻ⁵⁵/
- Homophones:
[Show/Hide] 哥兒 / 哥儿
歌兒 / 歌儿
- (Chengdu)
- Sichuanese Pinyin: go1
- Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: go
- Sinological IPA (key): /ko⁵⁵/
- (Dungan)
- (Note: Dungan pronunciation is currently experimental and may be inaccurate.)
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Jyutping: go1 / go1-4
- Yale: gō / gòh
- Cantonese Pinyin: go1 / go1-4
- Guangdong Romanization: go1 / go1-4
- Sinological IPA (key): /kɔː⁵⁵/, /kɔː⁵⁵⁻²¹/
- (Taishanese, Taicheng)
- Wiktionary: go2
- Sinological IPA (key): /kᵘɔ⁵⁵/
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Gan
- Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
- Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: kô
- Hakka Romanization System: goˊ
- Hagfa Pinyim: go1
- Sinological IPA: /ko²⁴/
- (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
- Hakka Romanization System: goˋ
- Sinological IPA: /ko⁵³/
- (Meixian)
- Guangdong: go1
- Sinological IPA: /ko⁴⁴/
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
- Jin
- Northern Min
- (Jian'ou)
- Kienning Colloquial Romanized: gó̤
- Sinological IPA (key): /kɔ⁵⁴/
- (Jian'ou)
- Eastern Min
- Puxian Min
- (Putian)
- Pouseng Ping'ing: gor1
- Báⁿ-uā-ci̍: go̤
- Sinological IPA (key): /kɒ⁵³³/
- (Xianyou)
- Pouseng Ping'ing: gor1
- Sinological IPA (key): /kɒ⁵⁴⁴/
- (Putian)
- Pouseng Ping'ing: go1
- Báⁿ-uā-ci̍: geo
- Sinological IPA (key): /ko⁵³³/
- (Xianyou)
- Pouseng Ping'ing: go1
- Sinological IPA (key): /ko⁵⁴⁴/
- (Putian)
- Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: ko
- Tâi-lô: ko
- Phofsit Daibuun: koy
- IPA (Kaohsiung): /kɤ⁴⁴/
- IPA (Quanzhou): /ko³³/
- IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Taipei): /ko⁴⁴/
- (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: ko͘
- Tâi-lô: koo
- Phofsit Daibuun: kof
- IPA (Quanzhou): /kɔ³³/
- (Hokkien: General Taiwanese)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: koh
- Tâi-lô: koh
- Phofsit Daibuun: koiq
- IPA (Taipei): /koʔ³²/
- IPA (Kaohsiung): /kɤʔ³²/
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
Note: koh - only in 哥哥.
- Middle Chinese: ka
- Old Chinese
- (Zhengzhang): /*kaːl/
Definitions
哥
- older brother; elder brother
- older male relative of the same generation
- (honorific) term of address for a male person of the same age or older
- short for 哥斯達黎加／哥斯达黎加 (Gēsīdálíjiā, “Costa Rica”)
- (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) Original form of 歌 (gē, “to sing; song”).
Synonyms
Dialectal synonyms of 哥哥 (“elder brother”) [map]
Compounds
- 也麼哥 / 也么哥
- 二哥 (èrgē)
- 二哥大
- 佛來明哥 / 佛来明哥
- 伴哥
- 佛朗哥 (Fólǎnggē)
- 八哥 (bāgē)
- 公子哥兒 / 公子哥儿 (gōngzǐgēr)
- 叫哥哥
- 哥們兒 / 哥们儿 (gēmenr)
- 哥倆好 / 哥俩好
- 哥倫布 / 哥伦布 (Gēlúnbù)
- 哥倫比亞 / 哥伦比亚 (Gēlúnbǐyà)
- 哥兒 / 哥儿 (gēr)
- 哥兒們 / 哥儿们 (gērmen)
- 哥兒倆 / 哥儿俩 (gēr liǎ)
- 哥兒大爺 / 哥儿大爷
- 哥哥
- 哥子
- 哥德式 (gēdéshì)
- 哥白尼 (Gēbáiní)
- 哥窯 / 哥窑
- 哥老會 / 哥老会 (Gēlǎohuì)
- 哥舒翰
- 哥薩克 / 哥萨克 (gēsàkè)
- 堂哥 (tánggē)
- 大哥 (dàgē)
- 大哥大 (dàgēdà)
- 大拇哥 (dàmǔgē)
- 大阿哥
- 奴哥
- 嬌哥兒 / 娇哥儿
- 安哥拉 (Āngēlā)
- 安哥拉兔 (āngēlā tù)
- 安童哥
- 小二哥
- 小哥 (xiǎogē)
- 小哥兒們 / 小哥儿们 (xiǎogērmen)
- 布爾哥尼 / 布尔哥尼
- 帥哥 / 帅哥 (shuàigē)
- 師哥 / 师哥 (shīgē)
- 愛八哥兒 / 爱八哥儿
- 挑大拇哥
- 摩洛哥 (Móluògē)
- 摩納哥 / 摩纳哥 (Mónàgē)
- 斑哥
- 木伴哥
- 柏青哥
- 歪哥 (wāigē)
- 波哥大 (Bōgēdà)
- 溫哥華 / 温哥华 (Wēngēhuá)
- 特哥大
- 牽豬哥 / 牵猪哥
- 老哥 (lǎogē)
- 老哥兒們 / 老哥儿们
- 老哥兒倆 / 老哥儿俩
- 老哥哥
- 老大哥 (lǎodàgē)
- 耶律休哥
- 聖地牙哥 / 圣地牙哥 (Shèngdìyágē)
- 胖哥
- 膝頭哥 / 膝头哥
- 芝加哥 (Zhījiāgē)
- 蒙哥 (Ménggē)
- 蒙哥馬利 / 蒙哥马利 (Ménggēmǎlì)
- 表哥 (biǎogē)
- 袍哥
- 酷哥
- 鐵哥們 / 铁哥们
- 阿三哥
- 阿兵哥 (ābīnggē)
- 阿哥
- 阿哥哥 (āgēgē)
- 鸚哥 / 鹦哥 (yīnggē)
- 鸚哥綠 / 鹦哥绿 (yīnggēlǜ)
- 墨西哥 (Mòxīgē)
- 墨西哥城 (Mòxīgēchéng)
- 墨西哥灣 / 墨西哥湾 (Mòxīgē Wān)
- 鼻哥
Descendants
- → Thai: โก (goo, “older brother”) (typically said by ethnic Chinese)
References
- “哥”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)[1], 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–
- 李如龙 [Li, Ru-long], 刘福铸 [Liu, Fu-zhu], 吴华英 [Wu, Hua-ying], 黄国城 [Huang, Guo-cheng] (2019) “哥”, in 莆仙方言调查报告 [Investigation Report on Puxian Dialect] (overall work in Mandarin and Puxian Min), Xiamen University Press, →ISBN, page 126.
Japanese
Kanji
哥
- kanji used to transliterate borrowings from foreign languages
- alternative form of 歌 (“sing, singing”)
- elder brother
Readings
- Go-on: か (ka)
- Kan-on: か (ka)
- Tō-on: こ (ko)
- Kun: あに (ani, 哥)、にい (nii, 哥)、うた (uta, 哥)、うたう (utau, 哥う)←うたふ (utafu, 哥ふ, historical)
Compounds
Korean
Hanja
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Vietnamese
Han character
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