-ua
See also: Appendix:Variations of "ua"
Finnish
Etymology
From Proto-Finnic *-udak, from Proto-Uralic *-w-. Cognates include Estonian -uma/-uda.
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /-uɑˣ/, [-uɑ̝(ʔ)]
Suffix
-ua (front vowel harmony variant -yä, stem -u-, linguistic notation -U- or -UA)
- Forms passive (including stative) or translative (including inchoative) intransitive verbs from transitive verbs.
Conjugation
| Inflection of -ua (Kotus type 52/sanoa, no gradation) | |||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| indicative mood | |||||||||||||||||||||
| present tense | perfect | ||||||||||||||||||||
| person | positive | negative | person | positive | negative | ||||||||||||||||
| 1st sing. | -un | en -u | 1st sing. | olen -unut | en ole -unut | ||||||||||||||||
| 2nd sing. | -ut | et -u | 2nd sing. | olet -unut | et ole -unut | ||||||||||||||||
| 3rd sing. | -uu | ei -u | 3rd sing. | on -unut | ei ole -unut | ||||||||||||||||
| 1st plur. | -umme | emme -u | 1st plur. | olemme -uneet | emme ole -uneet | ||||||||||||||||
| 2nd plur. | -utte | ette -u | 2nd plur. | olette -uneet | ette ole -uneet | ||||||||||||||||
| 3rd plur. | -uvat | eivät -u | 3rd plur. | ovat -uneet | eivät ole -uneet | ||||||||||||||||
| passive | -utaan | ei -uta | passive | on -uttu | ei ole -uttu | ||||||||||||||||
| past tense | pluperfect | ||||||||||||||||||||
| person | positive | negative | person | positive | negative | ||||||||||||||||
| 1st sing. | -uin | en -unut | 1st sing. | olin -unut | en ollut -unut | ||||||||||||||||
| 2nd sing. | -uit | et -unut | 2nd sing. | olit -unut | et ollut -unut | ||||||||||||||||
| 3rd sing. | -ui | ei -unut | 3rd sing. | oli -unut | ei ollut -unut | ||||||||||||||||
| 1st plur. | -uimme | emme -uneet | 1st plur. | olimme -uneet | emme olleet -uneet | ||||||||||||||||
| 2nd plur. | -uitte | ette -uneet | 2nd plur. | olitte -uneet | ette olleet -uneet | ||||||||||||||||
| 3rd plur. | -uivat | eivät -uneet | 3rd plur. | olivat -uneet | eivät olleet -uneet | ||||||||||||||||
| passive | -uttiin | ei -uttu | passive | oli -uttu | ei ollut -uttu | ||||||||||||||||
| conditional mood | |||||||||||||||||||||
| present | perfect | ||||||||||||||||||||
| person | positive | negative | person | positive | negative | ||||||||||||||||
| 1st sing. | -uisin | en -uisi | 1st sing. | olisin -unut | en olisi -unut | ||||||||||||||||
| 2nd sing. | -uisit | et -uisi | 2nd sing. | olisit -unut | et olisi -unut | ||||||||||||||||
| 3rd sing. | -uisi | ei -uisi | 3rd sing. | olisi -unut | ei olisi -unut | ||||||||||||||||
| 1st plur. | -uisimme | emme -uisi | 1st plur. | olisimme -uneet | emme olisi -uneet | ||||||||||||||||
| 2nd plur. | -uisitte | ette -uisi | 2nd plur. | olisitte -uneet | ette olisi -uneet | ||||||||||||||||
| 3rd plur. | -uisivat | eivät -uisi | 3rd plur. | olisivat -uneet | eivät olisi -uneet | ||||||||||||||||
| passive | -uttaisiin | ei -uttaisi | passive | olisi -uttu | ei olisi -uttu | ||||||||||||||||
| imperative mood | |||||||||||||||||||||
| present | perfect | ||||||||||||||||||||
| person | positive | negative | person | positive | negative | ||||||||||||||||
| 1st sing. | — | — | 1st sing. | — | — | ||||||||||||||||
| 2nd sing. | -u | älä -u | 2nd sing. | — | — | ||||||||||||||||
| 3rd sing. | -ukoon | älköön -uko | 3rd sing. | olkoon -unut | älköön olko -unut | ||||||||||||||||
| 1st plur. | -ukaamme | älkäämme -uko | 1st plur. | — | — | ||||||||||||||||
| 2nd plur. | -ukaa | älkää -uko | 2nd plur. | — | — | ||||||||||||||||
| 3rd plur. | -ukoot | älkööt -uko | 3rd plur. | olkoot -uneet | älkööt olko -uneet | ||||||||||||||||
| passive | -uttakoon | älköön -uttako | passive | olkoon -uttu | älköön olko -uttu | ||||||||||||||||
| potential mood | |||||||||||||||||||||
| present | perfect | ||||||||||||||||||||
| person | positive | negative | person | positive | negative | ||||||||||||||||
| 1st sing. | -unen | en -une | 1st sing. | lienen -unut | en liene -unut | ||||||||||||||||
| 2nd sing. | -unet | et -une | 2nd sing. | lienet -unut | et liene -unut | ||||||||||||||||
| 3rd sing. | -unee | ei -une | 3rd sing. | lienee -unut | ei liene -unut | ||||||||||||||||
| 1st plur. | -unemme | emme -une | 1st plur. | lienemme -uneet | emme liene -uneet | ||||||||||||||||
| 2nd plur. | -unette | ette -une | 2nd plur. | lienette -uneet | ette liene -uneet | ||||||||||||||||
| 3rd plur. | -unevat | eivät -une | 3rd plur. | lienevät -uneet | eivät liene -uneet | ||||||||||||||||
| passive | -uttaneen | ei -uttane | passive | lienee -uttu | ei liene -uttu | ||||||||||||||||
| Nominal forms | |||||||||||||||||||||
| infinitives | participles | ||||||||||||||||||||
| active | passive | active | passive | ||||||||||||||||||
| 1st | -ua | present | -uva | -uttava | |||||||||||||||||
| long 1st1 |
|
past | -unut | -uttu | |||||||||||||||||
| 2nd | inessive2 | -uessa | -uttaessa | agent4 | -uma | ||||||||||||||||
|
negative | -umaton | |||||||||||||||||||
| instructive | -uen | — | 1) Used only with a possessive suffix.
2) Usually with a possessive suffix (active only). | ||||||||||||||||||
| 3rd | inessive | -umassa | — | ||||||||||||||||||
| elative | -umasta | — | |||||||||||||||||||
| illative | -umaan | — | |||||||||||||||||||
| adessive | -umalla | — | |||||||||||||||||||
| abessive | -umatta | — | |||||||||||||||||||
| instructive | -uman | -uttaman | |||||||||||||||||||
| 4th3 | verbal noun | -uminen | |||||||||||||||||||
| 5th1 |
| ||||||||||||||||||||
Note that if the stem has gradation, it is (almost always) preserved.
Derived terms
Finnish terms suffixed with -ua
References
- Räisänen, Alpo. 1988. Suomen kielen u-johtimiset verbit. Helsinki: Suomalaisen Kirjallisuuden Seura. →ISBN
Anagrams
Ingrian
Etymology 1
From Proto-Finnic *-udak. Cognates include Finnish -ua and Karelian -uo.
Pronunciation
- (Ala-Laukaa) IPA(key): /-uɑ/, [-uɑ]
- (Soikkola) IPA(key): /-uɑ/, [-uɑ]
Suffix
-ua (front vowel variant -yä)
- Used to form inchoative verbs.
Usage notes
Conjugation
| Conjugation of -ua (type 1/ampua, no gradation) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Indikativa | |||||
| Preesens | Perfekta | ||||
| positive | negative | positive | negative | ||
| 1st singular | -un | en -u | 1st singular | oon -unt, oon -unut | en oo -unt, en oo -unut |
| 2nd singular | -ut | et -u | 2nd singular | oot -unt, oot -unut | et oo -unt, et oo -unut |
| 3rd singular | -uu | ei -u | 3rd singular | ono -unt, ono -unut | ei oo -unt, ei oo -unut |
| 1st plural | -umma | emmä -u | 1st plural | oomma -uneet | emmä oo -uneet |
| 2nd plural | -utta | että -u | 2nd plural | ootta -uneet | että oo -uneet |
| 3rd plural | -uut1), -uvat2), -utaa | evät -u, ei -uta | 3rd plural | ovat -uneet | evät oo -uneet, ei oo -uttu |
| impersonal | -utaa | ei -uta | impersonal | ono -uttu | ei oo -uttu |
| Imperfekta | Pluskvamperfekta | ||||
| positive | negative | positive | negative | ||
| 1st singular | -uin | en -unt, en -unut | 1st singular | olin -unt, olin -unut | en olt -unt, en olt -unut |
| 2nd singular | -uit | et -unt, et -unut | 2nd singular | olit -unt, olit -unut | et olt -unt, et olt -unut |
| 3rd singular | -ui | ei -unt, ei -unut | 3rd singular | oli -unt, oli -unut | ei olt -unt, ei olt -unut |
| 1st plural | -uimma | emmä -uneet | 1st plural | olimma -uneet | emmä olleet -uneet |
| 2nd plural | -uitta | että -uneet | 2nd plural | olitta -uneet | että olleet -uneet |
| 3rd plural | -uit1), -uivat2), -uttii | evät -uneet, ei -uttu | 3rd plural | olivat -uneet | evät olleet -uneet, ei olt -uttu |
| impersonal | -uttii | ei -uttu | impersonal | oli -uttu | ei olt -uttu |
| Konditsionala | |||||
| Preesens | Perfekta | ||||
| positive | negative | positive | negative | ||
| 1st singular | -uisin | en -uis | 1st singular | olisin -unt, olisin -unut | en olis -unt, en olis -unut |
| 2nd singular | -uisit, -uist1) | et -uis | 2nd singular | olisit -unt, olisit -unut | et olis -unt, et olis -unut |
| 3rd singular | -uis | ei -uis | 3rd singular | olis -unt, olis -unut | ei olis -unt, ei olis -unut |
| 1st plural | -uisimma | emmä -uis | 1st plural | olisimma -uneet | emmä olis -uneet |
| 2nd plural | -uisitta | että -uis | 2nd plural | olisitta -uneet | että olis -uneet |
| 3rd plural | -uisiit1), -uisivat2), -uttais | evät -uis, ei -uttais | 3rd plural | olisivat -uneet | evät olis -uneet, ei olis -uttu |
| impersonal | -uttais | ei -uttais | impersonal | olis -uttu | ei olis -uttu |
| Imperativa | |||||
| Preesens | Perfekta | ||||
| positive | negative | positive | negative | ||
| 1st singular | — | — | 1st singular | — | — |
| 2nd singular | -u | elä -u | 2nd singular | oo -unt, oo -unut | elä oo -unt, elä oo -unut |
| 3rd singular | -ukoo | elköö -uko | 3rd singular | olkoo -unt, olkoo -unut | elköö olko -unt, elköö olko -unut |
| 1st plural | — | — | 1st plural | — | — |
| 2nd plural | -ukaa | elkää -uko | 2nd plural | olkaa -uneet | elkää olko -uneet |
| 3rd plural | -ukoot | elkööt -uko, elköö -uttako | 3rd plural | olkoot -uneet | elkööt olko -uneet, elköö olko -uttu |
| impersonal | -uttakkoo | elköö -uttako | impersonal | olkoo -uttu | elköö olko -uttu |
| Potentsiala | |||||
| Preesens | |||||
| positive | negative | ||||
| 1st singular | -unen | en -une | |||
| 2nd singular | -unet | et -une | |||
| 3rd singular | -unoo | ei -une | |||
| 1st plural | -unemma | emmä -une | |||
| 2nd plural | -unetta | että -une | |||
| 3rd plural | -unoot | evät -une, ei -uttane | |||
| impersonal | -uttannoo | ei -uttane | |||
| Nominal forms | |||||
| Infinitivat | Partisipat | ||||
| active | passive | ||||
| 1st | -ua | present | -uva | -uttava | |
| 2nd | inessive | -ujees | past | -unt, -unut | -uttu |
| instructive | -uen | 1) Chiefly in the Soikkola dialect. 2) Chiefly in the Ala-Laukaa dialect. *) For the imperative, the 2nd plural (-ukaa) may be used for the 3rd person as well. **) The interrogative is formed by adding the suffix -k (-ka?/-kä?) to the indicative ***) The deliberative is formed by adding the suffix -k (-ka?/-kä?) or -kse to either the indicative or the potential ****) In folk poetry, a long first infinitive can be formed by adding the suffix -kse-, followed by possessive suffixes, to the first infinitive. Note that sometimes gemination may be undone by this addition. | |||
| 3rd | illative | -umaa | |||
| inessive | -umaas | ||||
| elative | -umast | ||||
| abessive | -umata | ||||
| 4th | nominative | -umiin | |||
| partitive | -umista, -umist | ||||
Derived terms
Ingrian terms suffixed with -ua
Etymology 2
See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.
Pronunciation
- (Ala-Laukaa) IPA(key): /-uɑ/, [-uɑ]
- (Soikkola) IPA(key): /-uɑ/, [-uɑ]
Suffix
-ua
Latin
Pronunciation
- -ua: (Classical Latin) IPA(key): [u.a]
- -ua: (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA(key): [u.a] (stress falls on the antepenult)
- -ua: (Classical Latin, in ⟨-qua⟩) IPA(key): [kʷa]
- -ua: (Classical Latin, in ⟨-qua⟩) IPA(key): [kʷa] (stress falls in accordance with the paenultima law)
- -uā: (Classical Latin) IPA(key): [u.aː]
- -uā: (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA(key): [u.a] (stress falls on the antepenult)
- -uā: (Classical Latin, in ⟨-quā⟩) IPA(key): [kʷaː]
- -uā: (Classical Latin, in ⟨-quā⟩) IPA(key): [kʷa] (stress falls in accordance with the paenultima law)
Suffix
-ua
- inflection of -uus:
- nominative/vocative feminine singular
- nominative/accusative/vocative neuter plural
Suffix
-uā
- ablative feminine singular of -uus
Romanian
Alternative forms
- -a — used for feminine nouns in the nominative and plural cases which do not end in a stressed vowel or diphthong
Etymology
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /wa/
Suffix
-ua f
Usage notes
- This form of the definite article is used for feminine nouns in the nominative and accusative cases which end in a stressed vowel or diphthong:
- Monosyllables ending in vowels also take this suffix:
Swahili
Suffix
-ua (variant after root with -o- -oa)
- (nonproductive) conversive suffix; reverses the meaning of the verb
Derived terms
- Swahili conversive verbs