殼

See also: 壳 and 殻

殼	U+6BBC, 殼 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-6BBC

← 殻
[U+6BBB]

CJK Unified Ideographs

殽 →
[U+6BBD]

Translingual

Traditional	殼
Shinjitai	殻
Simplified	壳

Han character

殼 (Kangxi radical 79, 殳+8, 12 strokes, cangjie input 土弓竹弓水 (GNHNE), four-corner 4724₇, composition ⿰壳殳 or ⿰⿱⿳士冖一几殳)

Derived characters

𢡱, 𪆪

Related characters

殻 (Variant form used in Japan, see also its derived characters)

Descendants

壳 (Simplified Chinese)

References

Kangxi Dictionary: page 586, character 5
Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 16646
Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 3, page 2160, character 7
Unihan data for U+6BBC

Chinese

trad.		殼
simp.		壳^*
alternative forms		殻㱿愨／悫

Glyph origin

Characters in the same phonetic series (殻) (Zhengzhang, 2003)

	Old Chinese
彀	*koːɡs
鷇	*kʰoːɡs
瞉	*kʰoːɡs
豰	pɢroːɡ, qʰoːɡ
瑴	kroːɡ, koːɡ
愨	*kʰroːɡ
殼	*kʰroːɡ
觳	kʰroːɡ, ɡoːɡ
嗀	qʰroːɡ, qʰoːɡ
穀	*kloːɡ
糓	*kloːɡ
轂	*kloːɡ
榖	*kloːɡ
瀔	*koːɡ
縠	*ɡloːɡ

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *kʰroːɡ): semantic 几 + phonetic 𣪊. Originally written as 㱿 (què), see there for more.

Etymology

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s-kok (“outer covering, skin, bark, rind”). Cognate with 革 (OC *krɯːɡ, “leather”), Burmese ခေါက် (hkauk, “tree bark”), Tibetan སྐོག་པ་ (skog pa, “shell, peel”) (STEDT, Hill (2019)).

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): ké, qiào, què (ke², qiao⁴, que⁴)

(Zhuyin): ㄎㄜˊ, ㄑㄧㄠˋ, ㄑㄩㄝˋ
Cantonese
(Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): hok³

(Taishan, Wiktionary): hok⁴
Hakka
(Sixian, PFS): hok

(Hailu, HRS): hog
Eastern Min (BUC): káe̤k
Southern Min
(Hokkien, POJ): khak / khok

(Teochew, Peng'im): kag⁴
Wu (Northern, Wugniu): ⁷khoq
Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): ko⁶

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: ké
  - Zhuyin: ㄎㄜˊ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: ké
  - Wade–Giles: kʻo²
  - Yale: ké
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: ker
  - Palladius: кэ (kɛ)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʰɤ³⁵/
- (Standard Chinese, erhua-ed) (殼兒 / 壳儿)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: kér
  - Zhuyin: ㄎㄜˊㄦ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: kér
  - Wade–Giles: kʻo²-ʼrh
  - Yale: kér
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: ker'l
  - Palladius: кэр (kɛr)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʰɤɻ³⁵/
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: qiào
  - Zhuyin: ㄑㄧㄠˋ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: ciào
  - Wade–Giles: chʻiao⁴
  - Yale: chyàu
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: chiaw
  - Palladius: цяо (cjao)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡ɕʰi̯ɑʊ̯⁵¹/
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: què
  - Zhuyin: ㄑㄩㄝˋ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: cyuè
  - Wade–Giles: chʻüeh⁴
  - Yale: chywè
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: chiueh
  - Palladius: цюэ (cjue)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡ɕʰy̯ɛ⁵¹/

Note:

ké - colloquial;
qiào - literary;
què - literary (rare in Mainland).

Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
  - Jyutping: hok³
  - Yale: hok
  - Cantonese Pinyin: hok⁸
  - Guangdong Romanization: hog³
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /hɔːk̚³/
- (Taishanese, Taicheng)
  - Wiktionary: hok⁴
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /hɔk̚²¹/
Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: hok
  - Hakka Romanization System: hog^ˋ
  - Hagfa Pinyim: hog⁵
  - Sinological IPA: /hok̚²/
- (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
  - Hakka Romanization System: hog
  - Sinological IPA: /hok⁵/
Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
  - Bàng-uâ-cê: káe̤k
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʰɔyʔ²⁴/
Southern Min
- (Hokkien)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: khak / khok
  - Tâi-lô: khak / khok
  - Phofsit Daibuun: qag, qog
  - IPA (Xiamen): /kʰak̚³²/, /kʰɔk̚³²/
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /kʰak̚⁵/, /kʰɔk̚⁵/
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /kʰak̚³²/, /kʰɔk̚³²/
  - IPA (Taipei): /kʰak̚³²/, /kʰɔk̚³²/
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /kʰak̚³²/, /kʰɔk̚³²/

Note: khak - vernacular (“shell”), khok - literary.

- (Teochew)
  - Peng'im: kag⁴
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: khak
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʰak̚²/
Wu
- (Northern: Shanghai, Suzhou)
  - Wugniu: ⁷khoq
  - MiniDict: khoh^入
  - Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): ⁴khoq
  - Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /kʰoʔ⁵⁵/
  - Sinological IPA (Suzhou): /kʰoʔ⁴³/
Xiang
- (Changsha)
  - Wiktionary: ko⁶
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʰo²⁴/

Dialectal data

Variety	Location	edit 殼
Mandarin	Beijing	/kʰɤ³⁵/ /t͡ɕʰiɑu⁵¹/
	Harbin	/kʰɤ²⁴/ /t͡ɕʰiau⁵³/
	Tianjin	/kʰɤ⁴⁵/ /t͡ɕʰiɑu⁵³/
	Jinan	/kʰə²¹³/
	Qingdao	/kʰə⁵⁵/ /t͡ɕʰyə⁵⁵/
	Zhengzhou	/kʰɤ²⁴/
	Xi'an	/kʰɤ²¹/
	Xining	/kʰu⁴⁴/
	Yinchuan	/kʰə¹³/
	Lanzhou	/kʰə⁴⁴²/
	Ürümqi	/kʰɤ⁴⁴/
	Wuhan	/kʰuo²¹³/
	Chengdu	/kʰo³¹/
	Guiyang	/kʰo²¹/
	Kunming	/kʰo³¹/
	Nanjing	/kʰoʔ⁵/
	Hefei	/kʰɐʔ⁵/
Jin	Taiyuan	/kʰaʔ²/
	Pingyao
	Hohhot	/kʰaʔ⁴³/
Wu	Shanghai	/kʰoʔ⁵/
	Suzhou	/kʰoʔ⁵/
	Hangzhou	/kʰoʔ⁵/
	Wenzhou	/kʰo²¹³/
Hui	Shexian	/kʰɔʔ²¹/
Hui	Tunxi	/kʰo⁵/
Xiang	Changsha	/kʰo²⁴/
Xiang	Xiangtan	/kʰo²⁴/
Gan	Nanchang	/kʰɔʔ⁵/
Hakka	Meixian	/hok̚¹/
Hakka	Taoyuan	/hok̚²²/
Cantonese	Guangzhou	/hɔk̚³/
	Nanning	/hɔk̚³³/
	Hong Kong	/hɔk̚³/
Min	Xiamen (Hokkien)	/kʰak̚³²/
	Fuzhou (Eastern Min)	/kʰɔyʔ²³/
	Jian'ou (Northern Min)	/kʰu²⁴/
	Shantou (Teochew)	/kʰak̚²/
	Haikou (Hainanese)	/xak̚⁵/

Middle Chinese: khaewk

Rime
Character	殼
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	溪 (29)
Final (韻)	覺 (10)
Tone (調)	Checked (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	II
Fanqie	苦角切
Baxter	khaewk
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/kʰˠʌk̚/
Pan Wuyun	/kʰᵚɔk̚/
Shao Rongfen	/kʰɔk̚/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/kʰaɨwk̚/
Li Rong	/kʰɔk̚/
Wang Li	/kʰɔk̚/
Bernhard Karlgren	/kʰɔk̚/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	que
Expected Cantonese Reflex	hok³

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*[kʰ]ˤrok/

(Zhengzhang): /*kʰroːɡ/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	殼
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	què
Middle Chinese	‹ khæwk ›
Old Chinese	/*[kʰ]ˁrok/
English	hollow shell, hollow
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	殼
Reading #	1/1
No.	7419
Phonetic component	殻
Rime group	屋
Rime subdivision	0
Corresponding MC rime	㱿
Old Chinese	/*kʰroːɡ/
Notes	右下原作一，此後起通用字，見論衡

Definitions

殼

shell; husk; hull; skin; casing
貝殼／贝壳 ― bèiké ― shell; conch

蛋殼／蛋壳 ― dànké ― eggshell

地殼／地壳 ― dìqiào (Mainland), dìké (Taiwan) ― the Earth's crust
(Cantonese) ladle
飯殼／饭壳 [Cantonese] ― faan⁶ hok³ [Jyutping] ― rice scoop

一殼眼淚／一壳眼泪 [Cantonese] ― jat¹ hok³ ngaan⁵ leoi⁶ [Jyutping] ― grief (literally, “a ladle of tears from the eyes”)

Compounds

(shell):

介殼 / 介壳 (jièqiào)
介殼蟲 / 介壳虫
地殼 / 地壳 (dìqiào)
地殼變動 / 地壳变动
外殼 / 外壳 (wàiké)
小鬼仔殼 / 小鬼仔壳 (siáu-kúi-á-khak) (Min Nan)
彈殼 / 弹壳 (dànké)
怯殼兒 / 怯壳儿
板殼蟲 / 板壳虫
枳殼 / 枳壳 (zhǐqiào)
殼子 / 壳子 (kézi)
殼果 / 壳果
沙殼子 / 沙壳子
無殼蝸牛 / 无壳蜗牛 (wúké-wōniú)
瓜子殼 / 瓜子壳
甲殼 / 甲壳 (jiǎqiào)
硬殼 / 硬壳 (yìngké)
老梆殼 / 老梆壳 (lǎobāngké)
耳殼 / 耳壳
脫殼 / 脱壳
脫殼金蟬 / 脱壳金蝉
腦殼 / 脑壳 (nǎoké)
船殼 / 船壳
菜殼子 / 菜壳子
薄殼 / 薄壳 (bóké)
蚌殼 / 蚌壳 (bàngké)
蛋殼 / 蛋壳 (dànké)
蜆殼 / 蚬壳
蟹殼臉 / 蟹壳脸
貝殼 / 贝壳 (bèiké)
貝殼杉 / 贝壳杉
軀殼 / 躯壳 (qūqiào)
軟殼雞蛋 / 软壳鸡蛋
金蟬脫殼 / 金蝉脱壳
錶殼兒 / 表壳儿
鐵殼船 / 铁壳船
頭殼 / 头壳
頭髮殼子 / 头发壳子
駁殼槍 / 驳壳枪 (bókéqiāng)
鬼摸腦殼 / 鬼摸脑壳
龜殼花 / 龟壳花 (guīkéhuā)

(ladle):

湯殼 / 汤壳 (Cantonese)
炒殼 / 炒壳 (Cantonese)
飯殼 / 饭壳 (faan⁶ hok³) (Cantonese)

Japanese

Shinjitai	殻
Kyūjitai	殼

Kanji

殼

(Hyōgai kanji, kyūjitai kanji, shinjitai form 殻)

husk; shell

Readings

Go-on: こく (koku)
Kan-on: かく (kaku)
Kun: から (kara, 殼)

Korean

Etymology

From Middle Chinese 殼 (MC khaewk).

Hanja

Wikisource

殼 (eumhun 껍질 각 (kkeopjil gak))

hanja form^? of 각 (“shell; husk; hull; skin; casing”)

Compounds

각피 (殼皮, gakpi)
갑각 (甲殼, gapgak, “shell; carapace; crust”)
갑각류 (甲殼類, gapgangnyu, “crustacean”)
귀각 (龜殼, gwigak)
지각 (地殼, jigak)
패각 (貝殼, paegak)

References

국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典. [1]

Vietnamese

Han character

殼: Hán Nôm readings: xác, nôi

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