maa

maa

1. (international standards) ISO 639-3 language code for San Jerónimo Tecóatl Mazatec.

• Wiktionary’s coverage of San Jerónimo Tecóatl Mazatec terms

Onomatopoeic.

• IPA^(key): /mɑː/, (imitative) /mæː/, [mæ̰ː ~ mæˀæˀæ]

• Audio (Southern England):

  (file)

• Rhymes: -ɑː, -æː

maa

1. A bleating sound, as that of a sheep or goat.

maa (third-person singular simple present maas, present participle maaing, simple past and past participle maaed)

1. (intransitive) To make such a sound.
   • 1992, Josepha Sherman, A Sampler of Jewish-American Folklore, page 126:

     Now it's even worse! The goat maas all the time. And the smell...

   • 2000, Frank McCourt, Angela's Ashes:

     Now the twins started to cry and Malachy clung to Mam, sobbing. The cows mooed, the sheep maaed […]

• AAM, AMA, Ama, aam, ama

• IPA^(key): /ˈmaː/ [ˈmaː]
• Hyphenation: maa

máa

1. alternative form of má

• E. M. Parker, R. J. Hayward (1985) “maa”, in An Afar-English-French dictionary (with Grammatical Notes in English), University of London, →ISBN
• Mohamed Hassan Kamil (2015) L’afar: description grammaticale d’une langue couchitique (Djibouti, Erythrée et Ethiopie)‎^[2], Paris: Université Sorbonne Paris Cité (doctoral thesis)

maa

1. eye
2. snake

• Kateřina Naitoro, A Sketch Grammar of 'Are'are: The Sound System and Morpho-Syntax (2013)

maa

1. hand

• Barunggam body parts

• IPA^(key): /maˈʔa/ [mɐˈʔa]
• IPA^(key): /ˈma/ [ˈma]
• Hyphenation: ma‧a

maá (Badlit spelling ᜋᜀ)

1. alternative form of mala (“dry”)

From Proto-Finnic *maa, from Proto-Uralic *mëxe. Cognates include Finnish maa and Karelian mua.

maa (genitive maa, partitive maad)

1. earth
2. land
3. ground
4. country
5. countryside
6. rural
7. agri

Declension of maa (ÕS type 26i/idee, no gradation)
		singular	plural
nominative		maa	maad
accusative	nom.
	gen.	maa
genitive			maade
partitive		maad	maid maasid
illative		maasse maha	maadesse maisse
inessive		maas	maades mais
elative		maast	maadest maist
allative		maale	maadele maile
adessive		maal	maadel mail
ablative		maalt	maadelt mailt
translative		maaks	maadeks maiks
terminative		maani	maadeni
essive		maana	maadena
abessive		maata	maadeta
comitative		maaga	maadega

From Proto-Finnic *maa, from Proto-Uralic *mëxe.^[1] Cognates include Estonian maa and Karelian mua, Erzya мастор (mastor)^[2] (initial component), Komi-Zyrian му (mu), Udmurt му (mu), Northern Mansi ма̄ (mā).

• IPA^(key): /ˈmɑː/, [ˈmɑ̝ː]
• Rhymes: -ɑː
• Syllabification^(key): maa
• Hyphenation^(key): maa

maa

1. ground, land (surface of the Earth, especially that which is not covered by water)

   Panin sen maahan.

   I put it on the ground.

   1. (by extension) ground, floor, down (physically lower, no matter the material)

      Hän on maassa.

      He is on the ground. (after being hit)

2. soil, earth (material)

   Synonym: multa

   tonni maata ― a ton of soil

   • 1933/1938, Pyhä Raamattu [The Holy Bible], Helsinki: Suomen Pipliaseura, Ensimmäinen Mooseksen Kirja (Genesis) 3:19:

     sillä maasta sinä olet, ja maaksi pitää sinun jälleen tuleman.

     for dust thou art, and unto dust shalt thou return.

3. country (territory of a nation)

   mennä maahan ― to go into the country (e.g. Spain)

   Hän on maassa.

   He is in the country. (within the national boundary)

   Jokainen kuiva alue maapallolla Antarktista lukuun ottamatta kuuluu johonkin maahan.

   Every dry part of land on Earth, apart from Antarctica, is part of some country.

4. land (area of land, as property or for farming, etc.)

   Omistan maata.

   I own (some) land.

   Nämä ovat Sakkolan isännän maita.

   These are lands belonging to the lord/master of Sakkola.

5. countryside (area outside of towns and cities, or such part of a larger area)

   Synonym: maaseutu

   mennä maalle ― to go to the countryside

   Hän on maalla.

   He is in the countryside.

   Muutin maalta kaupunkiin.

   I moved into the city from the countryside.

6. (card games) suit

   Mikä maa on valttia?

   Which suit is the trump suit?

7. (electronics) ground, earth (electrical conductor connected to the earth)

   Kytkimien toinen jalka kytketään maahan.

   One of the two connectors of the switch will be connected to the ground.

The many senses of maa are commonly distinguished by the case forms used. For example, the following cases usually use the following:

• internal locative cases: “ground, land” (usually), “country”, (electronics) “ground, earth”
• external locative cases: “countryside”, “dry ground” (compared to water, the sea, etc.)

• Prolative: maitse

• “maa”, in Kielitoimiston sanakirja [Dictionary of Contemporary Finnish]‎^[3] (in Finnish) (online dictionary, continuously updated), Kotimaisten kielten keskuksen verkkojulkaisuja 35, Helsinki: Kotimaisten kielten tutkimuskeskus (Institute for the Languages of Finland), 2004–, retrieved 3 July 2023

Gamilaraay cardinal numbers

<  4	5	6  >
Cardinal : maa

• IPA^(key): /maː/

The sense "five" is a recent extension during recent efforts to revitalise Gamilaraay, drawn from the fact that many languages use the same word for "hand" and "five" (cf. lima in many Austronesian languages), and that this semantic extension was also used to derive the word for "five" in other Indigenous Australian languages which traditionally did not have a word for "five".

maa

1. hand (part of the body)
2. finger

maa

1. five

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium. Particularly: “is this a different etymology to the above?”)

maa

1. totem
2. marks made on rugs and weapons to indicate the totem of their manufacturer/owner

• (2003) Gamilaraay Yuwaalaraay Yuwaalayaay Dictionary

maa

1. water

• Herrmann Jungraithmayr, Daniel Barreteau, Uwe Seibert, L'homme et l'eau dans le bassin du lac Tchad (1997), page 81

From Proto-Finnic *maa. Cognates include Finnish maa and Estonian maa.

• (Ala-Laukaa) IPA^(key): /ˈmɑː/, [ˈmɑː]
• (Soikkola) IPA^(key): /ˈmɑː/, [ˈmɑː]
• Rhymes: -ɑː
• Hyphenation: maa

maa

1. earth
   • 1936, L. G. Terehova, V. G. Erdeli, translated by Mihailov and P. I. Maksimov, Geografia: oppikirja iƶoroin alkușkoulun kolmatta klaassaa vart (ensimäine osa) [Geography: textbook for Ingrian elementary school third grade (first part)], Leningrad: Riikin Ucebno-Pedagogiceskoi Izdateljstva, page 3:

     Paljo uutta ja interesnoita töö saatta tiitä maast, kus möö elämmä.

     You will get to know a lot of new and interesting things about the earth, where we live.

2. soil
   • 1937, V. A. Tetjurev, translated by N. I. Molotsova, Loonnontiito (ensimäin osa): oppikirja alkușkoulun kolmatta klaassaa vart, Leningrad: Riikin Ucebno-Pedagogiceskoi Izdateljstva, page 5:

     Alemmas pintamaa ain muuttijaa, ain vaaliammaks ja viimen männöö samalaiseks, ku i alumain maa.

     Further down the topsoil always changes, always lighter and finally becomes just like the underlying soil.

3. land
4. ground
5. country
   • 1936, N. A. Iljin and V. I. Junus, Bukvari iƶoroin șkouluja vart, Leningrad: Riikin Ucebno-pedagogiceskoi Izdateljstva, page 50:

     Punain armia ja flootta hoitaat meijen maata.

     The Red Army and Fleet protect our country.

6. floor (bottom part of a room)
   • 1936, D. I. Efimov, Lukukirja: Inkeroisia alkușkouluja vart (ensimäine osa), Leningrad: Riikin Ucebno-pedagogiceskoi Izdateljstva, page 7:

     Kirjan viskais maaha.

     He threw the book onto the floor.

Declension of maa (type 8/maa, no gradation)
	singular	plural
nominative	maa	maat
genitive	maan	maijen
partitive	maata	maita
illative	maaha	maihe
inessive	maas	mais
elative	maast	maist
allative	maalle	maille
adessive	maal	mail
ablative	maalt	mailt
translative	maaks	maiks
essive	maanna, maan	mainna, main
exessive1)	maant	maint
1) obsolete *) the accusative corresponds with either the genitive (sg) or nominative (pl) **) the comitative is formed by adding the suffix -ka? or -kä? to the genitive.

• (land): mantu

• laki (“ceiling”)

• Fedor Tumansky (1790) “ма”, in Опытъ повѣствованїя о дѣянїях, положенїи, состоянїи и раздѣленїи Санкт-Петербургской губернїи [An experiment of an account of the acts, location, condition and division of the Saint Petersburg gubernia], Краткїй словарь ижерскаго, финскаго, эстонскаго, чюдскаго, и ямскаго нарѣчїя съ россїйскимъ переводомъ [A short dictionary of the Ingrian, Finnish, Estonian, Chud and Yamtian dialects with a Russian translation], page 677
• V. I. Junus (1936) Iƶoran Keelen Grammatikka‎^[4], Leningrad: Riikin Ucebno-pedagogiceskoi Izdateljstva, page 66
• Ruben E. Nirvi (1971) Inkeroismurteiden Sanakirja, Helsinki: Suomalais-Ugrilainen Seura, page 300
• Olga I. Konkova, Nikita A. Dyachkov (2014) Inkeroin Keel: Пособие по Ижорскому Языку‎^[5], →ISBN, page 73

maa 

1. mother

maa

1. obsolete typography of må

màá (plural màá)

1. mother

• tàá

• Crane, Thera, Larry Hyman, Simon Nsielanga Tukumu (2011) A grammar of Nzadi [B.865]: a Bantu language of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, →ISBN

Inherited from Latin malam.

• IPA^(key): /ˈma.a/

maa

1. feminine singular of mao

• Galician: má
• Portuguese: má

maa

1. there

Jerry Randolph Valentine (2001) Nishnaabemwin Reference Grammar, University of Toronto, page 141

Initialism of med anledning av.

maa

1. because of, due to

   Synonym: p.g.a.

From Proto-Finnic *maa, from Proto-Uralic *mëxe.

maa (genitive maa, partitive maad)

1. earth
2. soil
3. land
4. ground
5. country
6. countryside

• maakund

From Proto-Finnic *maa, from Proto-Uralic *mëxe. Cognates include Estonian maa and Karelian mua.

• (Luutsa, Liivtšülä) IPA^(key): /ˈmɑː/, [ˈmɑː]
• Rhymes: -ɑː
• Hyphenation: maa

maa

1. earth
2. soil
3. land
4. ground
5. country
6. countryside

Declension of maa (type I/maa, no gradation)
	singular	plural
nominative	maa	maad
genitive	maa	maijõ
partitive	maatõ	maitõ
illative	mahha, mahasõ	maisõ
inessive	maaz	maiz
elative	maassõ	maissõ
allative	maalõ	mailõ
adessive	maallõ	maillõ
ablative	maaltõ	mailtõ
translative	maassi	maissi
*) the accusative corresponds with either the genitive (sg) or nominative (pl) **) the terminative is formed by adding the suffix -ssaa to the short illative (sg) or the genitive. ***) the comitative is formed by adding the suffix -ka to the genitive.

• Hallap, V., Adler, E., Grünberg, S., Leppik, M. (2012) Vadja keele sõnaraamat [A dictionary of the Votic language], 2nd edition, Tallinn

• IPA^(key): /maː/

maa

1. (transitive) to hold
2. (transitive) to seize

• Clemens Voorhoeve (1982) The Makian languages and their neighbours‎^[6], Pacific linguistics

maa

1. rain

• Lizot, Jacques (2004) Diccionario enciclopédico de la lengua yãnomãmɨ‎^[7] (in Spanish), Vicariato apostólico de Puerto Ayacucho, →ISBN

maa

1. alternative form of mye
   • 1927, “ZONG OF TWI MAARKEET MOANS”, in THE ANCIENT DIALECT OF THE BARONIES OF FORTH AND BARGY, COUNTY WEXFORD, page 129, line 15:

     Maa bee haghed i more caar an angish than Ich."

     May be upset in more care and hardship than I."

• Kathleen A. Browne (1927) “THE ANCIENT DIALECT OF THE BARONIES OF FORTH AND BARGY, COUNTY WEXFORD.”, in Journal of the Royal Society of Antiquaries of lreland (Sixth Series)‎^[8], volume 17, number 2, Royal Society of Antiquaries of Ireland, page 129

• IPA^(key): /máā/, [máā~mã́ã̄]

máa

2. Marks the anticipative aspect (see table below) with reference to a future, anticipated event.

   Synonyms: á, yóò, óò

   Antonym: kò ní í

   Mo máa lọ sí Èkó l'ọdún tí ó ń bọ̀.

   I'll be going to Lagos next year.

3. Used to express the durative tense in commands.

   Ẹ máa rọra o! ― Be careful! (literally, “Keep being careful!”)

Aspect markers in Yoruba
Aspects in Yoruba (Ajani, 2001)
Realis			Irrealis
Unmarked (Completive)	Progressive	Relational	Anticipative	Intentional
∅	ń	ti	máa	yóò ¹
Complex aspects Backgrounder Inceptive Manifestive Relevant–inceptive Habitual Expective Antecedent completion yóò ti ¹ yóò máa ¹ ti máa ti ń máa ń yóò ti máa ¹ ti máa ń
Explanatory notes (Ajani, 2001) Unmarked (Completive) The unmarked form of a verb “indicates a completed action”, e.g. mo lọ sí ilé-ìwé (“I went to school”), though with stative verbs like mọ́ (“to know”) and wà (“to exist”), the action is expressed without particularization, e.g., as “a statement of a general character or universal truth” (Ogunbọwale, 1970), or without any notion of past tense. Take for example, oorú mú (“it is hot”) and mo ní ilé (“I have a house”). Progressive Termed the incompletive by Ajani (2001), this describes an action in progress, “either in the present or before the present”. The sentence wọ́n ń ṣiṣẹ́ could be translated as “they are busy working” or “they were busy working”. Relational This aspect “describes an event or activity that is not complete, with reference to an ongoing event”. Though it may represent an action that has already taken place, the suggestion is that the relevance or effect of said action is still ongoing. The sentence ẹ ti jẹun translates to “you have eaten” or “you ate” — Ajani (2001) notes that “although the activity of eating has taken place sometime before the moment of speech, its effect is still being felt and is still considered incomplete with reference to [an]other activity or event at the moment of utterance”. Previous studies have inaccurately characterised ti as a marker of perfective aspect. Adéwọlé (1991) demonstrates that ti, as a relational marker, can be strung together with other markers to express a sequential relationship between events. Wọ́n ò tí ì jí. They haven’t woken up. Anticipative This aspect describes an activity “that is non-existent but likely to take place”, and can be used in “predicting, planning, or speculation”. It can be translated as “will”, “might” or “have plans to”, expressing anticipation of a possible future event or action. Intentional Like the anticipative, yóò is mainly used to refer to actions in the future, though it differs from máa in that it expresses an intention to do something. It “denotes that the speaker has control over the performance of the activity in question, and has weighed all the options before making the decision”. Note that yóò cannot be used after regular pronouns, the subject must be an emphatic pronoun like èmi or òun. Ẹ̀yin yóò wá kí wa lọ́la. You intend to come and visit us tomorrow. Backgrounder Provides “a background to another action that is yet to take place. […] the backgrounder aspect operates within the main clause to provide a background to the event described in the subordinate clause that is introduced by 'kí' (before).” Àwa yóò ti lọ kí ẹ tó padà. We will have left before you return. Inceptive Describes “an activity that is yet to begin but which the speaker has decided to embark upon shortly […] There is an anticipation, informed by a decision, to embark upon the process of leaving the place of utterance”. This aspect is somewhat similar to the intentional yóò, but it suggests that the subject of the sentence has made a decision to do something in the near future. Èmi yóò máa lọ. I will be leaving any time from now. Manifestive This sequence “describes an activity that would have started prior to another one”. In the manifestive, “the activity is expected to have begun and be ongoing before the second event takes place”. There is also an intention or expectation, by the speaker, to have already started doing something “by the time the subject of the second clause arrives on the scene”. A ti máa lọ kí o tó dé. We will have left before you arrive. Relevant–inceptive This “describes an activity that has or had just started but is or was still on-going before another one”. The activity, “though begun prior to the moment of speech, still has relevance and effect at the moment of speech”. Wọ́n ti ń sùn kí a tó dé ilé. They had already gone to bed and were sleeping before we got home. In this sentence, the “act of sleeping carried on into the moment of speech” and “probably was interrupted with the arrival of the persons in the second clause”. Habitual The habitual aspect in Yoruba “describes an activity that was performed on a regular basis prior to the present or is continually performed on a regular basis. It refers to a habitual event or activity, either in a timeless frame or in a past frame”. It may be analysed as the habitual aspect in the past tense, or without any “specific time frame of reference”. Expective This “describes an activity that will have begun and still be ongoing before another one takes place”, and may be analysed as a combination of the backgrounder and anticipative aspects. While “the backgrounder deals with an event that would have begun and have been completed before another event, the expective deals with an event that would have begun and would still be ongoing before a second event takes place”. This aspect is similar to the manifestive, but there is a “sense of certainty” that the manifestive lacks. Ìwọ yóò ti máa kàwé kí a tó jí. You will have been reading before we wake up. Antecedent completion This aspect “describes an action that used to have been completed, on a regular basis, prior to another activity”, and may be seen as the addition of incompleteness (ń) to the manifestive aspect (ti máa), or relationality (ti) to the habitual aspect (máa ń). While “the manifestive describes an activity that would have started prior to another one, the antecedent completion describes an activity or event that took place regularly before another one over a period of time prior to the moment of utterance”. Wọ́n ti máa ń jẹun tán kí a tó lọ. They used to have finished eating before we left.
Tense and aspect in Yoruba (Ogunbọwale, 1970) Primary Relational Unmarked Habitual Progressive–continuous Fixed beginning Fixed end Present–past ∅ máa ń a máa ń ń ti ń ti ³ ti máa ń ⁴ a ti máa ⁴ Future yóò ¹ ó máa á — yóò máa ¹ ó máa á máa yóò ti máa ¹ ó ti máa á ti máa yóò ti ¹ ó ti á ti Negative constructions (Adebayo, 2021) Primary Relational Unmarked Habitual Fixed beginning Fixed end ² Present–past kò ² kì í ⁵ kì í máa ⁵ kò ń ² kò máa ń ² — kò ì ³ kò tí ì ³ ⁵ kò ì tí ì ³ ⁵ kò ti ń ⁴ kò ti máa ń ⁴ Future kò níí ² kì yóò ¹ kì ó kì yóò máa ¹ kì yóò tí ì máa ¹ ⁵ kò níí tí ì máa ² ⁵ kì yóò tí ì ¹ ⁵ kò ì kò ì níí kò níí tí ì ⁵ kò tí ì níí ⁵
Footnotes yóó, yíò and yíó are alternative forms of yóò. Note that if a pronoun comes before yóò, that pronoun must be emphatic. ò is an alternative form of kò, often used after personal pronouns. Treated as representations of the “perfective unmarked” aspect in Bamgboṣe (2000) and completive aspect in Ogunbọwale (1970). This aspect is termed “relational” by Adéwọlé (1991) and Ajani (2010) in their analyses. According to Ogunbọwale (1970), these are used to “describe a habitual action in the past but one which has ceased to exist”. This is analogous to the aspect of “antecedent completion” in the analysis by Ajani (2010). kì í and tí ì are sometimes written without spaces: kìí and tíì.
References Adebayo, T. A. (2021) “Yorùbá Sentential Negative Markers”, in Studies in African Linguistics, volume 50, number 1, →DOI, pages 140–166 Adéwọlé, L. O. (1991) “Aspect and Phase Systems in Yoruba”, in Calgary Working Papers in Linguistics, volume 14, pages 1–20 Ajani, Timothy Temilọla (2001) Aspect in Yoruba and Nigerian English, University of Florida dissertation Bamgboṣe, Ayọ (2000) A Grammar of Yoruba, Cambridge University Press, →ISBN Ogunbọwale, P. O. (1970) The Essentials of the Yoruba Language, London: University of London Press, →ISBN, →OCLC

• IPA^(key): /màá/, /māā/

màá or maa

1. contraction of èmi á (“I'll”)

   Màá lọ rí ọ̀rẹ́ mi lọ́tùn-únla.

   I'll go see my friend the day after tomorrow.