犯


犯 U+72AF, 犯
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-72AF
← 犮
[U+72AE] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 犰 →
[U+72B0]

犯 U+FA9F, 犯
CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-FA9F
← 爵
[U+FA9E] 		CJK Compatibility Ideographs 猪 →
[U+FAA0]

Translingual

Han character

犯 (Kangxi radical 94, 犬+2, 5 strokes, cangjie input 大竹尸山 (KHSU), four-corner 47212, composition ⿰犭㔾)

Derived characters

  • 𠱍, 𣳜

References

  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 706, character 2
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 20238
  • Dae Jaweon: page 1118, character 17
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 2, page 1331, character 8
  • Unihan data for U+72AF

Chinese

simp. and trad.
 犯

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 犯
Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)
Small seal script
Characters in the same phonetic series (氾) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
氾 *pʰoms, *bom
犯 *bomʔ
範 *bomʔ
范 *bomʔ
笵 *bomʔ

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *bomʔ): semantic 犬 + phonetic 𢎘 (hàn).

Etymology

"To pass over" > "to offend against, oppose". Compare 氾.

This character originally had bilabial nasal (*-m) final in Old and Middle Chinese, but had undergone dissimilation (from bilabial plosive *b-) to become *-n in most dialects. However, there are still some dialects that retain this feature, such as Meixian and Teochew dialect. Similar dissimilation happened in 帆 and 風.

Pronunciation

Note: faan6-2 - noun only.
Note:
  • huang6 - Shantou;
  • huam6 - Chaozhou.
  • Wu
    • (Northern: Shanghai)
      • Wugniu: 6ve
      • MiniDict: ve去
      • Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): 3ve
      • Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /ve²³/
  • Xiang
    • (Changsha)
      • Wiktionary: fan5 / fan4
      • Sinological IPA (key): /ɸan²¹/, /ɸan⁴⁵/
Note:
  • fan5 - vernacular;
  • fan4 - literary.
    Rime
    Character 犯
    Reading # 1/1
    Initial (聲) 並 (3)
    Final (韻) 凡 (146)
    Tone (調) Rising (X)
    Openness (開合) Closed
    Division (等) III
    Fanqie 防錽切
    Baxter bjomX
    Reconstructions
    Zhengzhang
    Shangfang         		/bɨɐmX/
    Pan
    Wuyun         		/biɐmX/
    Shao
    Rongfen         		/biɐmX/
    Edwin
    Pulleyblank         		/buamX/
    Li
    Rong         		/biɐmX/
    Wang
    Li         		/bĭwɐmX/
    Bernhard
    Karlgren         		/bʱi̯wɐmX/
    Expected
    Mandarin
    Reflex         		fàn
    Expected
    Cantonese
    Reflex         		faan6
    Zhengzhang system (2003)
    Character 犯
    Reading # 1/1
    No. 2980
    Phonetic
    component         		氾
    Rime
    group         		談
    Rime
    subdivision         		3
    Corresponding
    MC rime         		范
    Old
    Chinese         		/*bomʔ/

    Definitions

    犯

    1. to infringe on; to attack; to encroach
      人不犯我，我不犯人 [MSC, trad. and simp.]
      rén bù fàn wǒ, wǒ bù fàn rén [Pinyin]
      We will not attack if we are not attacked.
    2. to commit (crime); to violate
      犯罪  ―  fànzuì  ―  to commit crime
    3. criminal; offender; culprit
      罪犯  ―  zuìfàn  ―  criminal
      俾個犯走甩咗呀！ [Cantonese, trad.]
      俾个犯走甩咗呀！ [Cantonese, simp.]
      bei2 go3 faan6-2 zau2 lat1 zo2 aa3! [Jyutping]
      The criminal ran loose!
    4. to happen; to break out (usually something wrong or bad)
      犯脾氣／犯脾气  ―  fànpíqì  ―  to get angry; to lose one's temper
    5. to brave; to face; to withstand
    6. to be worth; to merit; to deserve; to be worthy of

    Synonyms

    • (to violate):
    • (criminal):
    • (to be worth):

    Descendants

    Sino-Xenic (犯):
    • → Japanese: 犯(はん) (han)
    • → Korean: 범(犯) (beom)
    • → Vietnamese: phạm (犯)

    Compounds

    References

    • 莆田市政协文化文史和学习委员会 [Culture, History and Learning Committee of Putian CPPCC], editor (2021), “犯”, in 莆仙方言大词典 [Comprehensive Dictionary of Puxian Dialect] (overall work in Mandarin and Puxian Min), Xiamen University Press, →ISBN, page 258.

    Japanese

    Kanji

    犯

    (Fifth grade kyōiku kanji)

    1. crime, offense
    2. criminal, culprit, offender

    Readings

    • Go-on: ぼん (bon)←ぼん (bon, historical)←ぼむ (bomu, ancient)
    • Kan-on: はん (han, Jōyō)←はん (fan, historical)←はむ (famu, ancient)
    • Kun: おかす (okasu, 犯す, Jōyō)←をかす (wokasu, 犯す, historical)

    Compounds

    Etymology

    Kanji in this term
    犯
    はん
    Grade: 5
    kan'on

    /pɨɐm/ → /pamʉ/ → /famʉ/ → /haɴ/

    From Middle Chinese, 犯 (MC bjomX).

    Suffix

    犯(はん) • (-han) 

    1. perpetrators of a crime
    2. some types of crime

    Derived terms

    • 危険(きけん)犯(はん) (kiken-han)
    • 教唆(きょうさ)犯(はん) (kyōsa-han)
    • 強力(ごうりき)犯(はん) (gōriki-han)
    • 財政(ざいせい)犯(はん) (zaisei-han)
    • 集合(しゅうごう)犯(はん) (shūgō-han)
    • 状態(じょうたい)犯(はん) (jōtai-han)
    • 即(そく)時(じ)犯(はん) (sokuji-han)
    • 法定(ほうてい)犯(はん) (hōtei-han)

    Korean

    Etymology

    From Middle Chinese 犯 (MC bjomX).

    Pronunciation

    • (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA(key): [pɘ(ː)m]
    • Phonetic hangul: [범(ː)]
      • Though still prescribed in Standard Korean, most speakers in both Koreas no longer distinguish vowel length.

    Hanja

    犯 (eumhun 범할 범 (beomhal beom))

    1. hanja form? of 범 (“to violate; to commit”) [verbal root]
    2. hanja form? of 범 (“criminal”) [suffix]
    3. hanja form? of 범 (“count of crime”) [counter]

    Compounds

    • 간명범의 (干名犯義, ganmyeongbeomui)
    • 간통범 (姦通犯, gantongbeom)
    • 강간범 (強姦犯, gangganbeom)
    • 강도범 (強盜犯, gangdobeom)
    • 경범 (輕犯, gyeongbeom)
    • 공범 (共犯, gongbeom)
    • 교사범 (敎唆犯, gyosabeom)
    • 군사범 (軍事犯, gunsabeom)
    • 납치범 (拉致犯, napchibeom)
    • 도망범 (逃亡犯, domangbeom)
    • 방범 (防犯, bangbeom)
    • 방외범색 (房外犯色, bang'oebeomsaek)
    • 방임범 (放任犯, bang'imbeom)
    • 범금 (犯禁, beomgeum)
    • 범소 (犯所, beomso)
    • 범월 (犯越, beomwol)
    • 범인 (犯人, beomin)
    • 범접 (犯接, beomjeop)
    • 범죄 (犯罪, beomjoe)
    • 범죄성 (犯罪性, beomjoeseong)
    • 범행 (犯行, beomhaeng)
    • 사기범 (詐欺犯, sagibeom)
    • 사불범정 (邪不犯正, sabulbeomjeong)
    • 사칭범 (詐稱犯, sachingbeom)
    • 살인범 (殺人犯, sarinbeom)
    • 상습범 (常習犯, sangseupbeom)
    • 생계범 (生計犯, saenggyebeom)
    • 성인범 (成人犯, seong'inbeom)
    • 소년범 (少年犯, sonyeonbeom)
    • 수범 (首犯, subeom)
    • 우범자 (虞犯者, ubeomja)
    • 유괴범 (誘拐犯, yugoebeom)
    • 인질범 (人質犯, injilbeom)
    • 일생불범 (一生不犯, ilsaengbulbeom)
    • 일죄재범 (一罪再犯, iljoejaebeom)
    • 잡범 (雜犯, japbeom)
    • 재범 (再犯, jaebeom)
    • 전문범 (專門犯, jeonmunbeom)
    • 전범 (戰犯, jeonbeom)
    • 전쟁범 (戰爭犯, jeonjaengbeom)
    • 절도범 (竊盜犯, jeoldobeom)
    • 정치범 (政治犯, jeongchibeom)
    • 죄범 (罪犯, joebeom)
    • 죄중우범 (罪中又犯, joejung'ubeom)
    • 주범 (主犯, jubeom)
    • 중노난범 (衆怒難犯, jungnonanbeom)
    • 중범 (重犯, jungbeom)
    • 질주범 (疾走犯, jiljubeom)
    • 침범 (侵犯, chimbeom)
    • 탈주범 (脫走犯, taljubeom)
    • 폭파범 (爆破犯, pokpabeom)
    • 폭행범 (暴行犯, pokhaengbeom)
    • 현행범 (現行犯, hyeonhaengbeom)
    • 협박범 (脅迫犯, hyeopbakbeom)
    • 확신범 (確信犯, hwaksinbeom)
    • 흉악범 (凶惡犯, hyung'akbeom)

    Vietnamese

    Han character

    犯: Hán Nôm readings: phạm

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