監

See also: 监
監 U+76E3, 監
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-76E3
← 盢
[U+76E2] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 盤 →
[U+76E4]

㈼ U+323C, ㈼
PARENTHESIZED IDEOGRAPH SUPERVISE
← ㈻
[U+323B] 		Enclosed CJK Letters and Months ㈽ →
[U+323D]

Translingual

Japanese 監
Simplified 监
Traditional 監

Alternative forms

  • 𰯲 (when used at the top of a character)

Note the difference in the upper right component between simplified Chinese, where it is ⿱𠂉丶 (resembles half of 𥫗), and traditional Chinese and Japanese, where it is ⿱𠂉一.

Han character

監 (Kangxi radical 108, 皿+9 in Chinese, 皿+10 in Japanese, 14 strokes in Chinese, 15 strokes in Japanese, cangjie input 尸戈月廿 (SIBT) or 尸一月廿 (SMBT), four-corner 78107, composition ⿱⿰臣⿱𠂉丶皿)

Derived characters

Additional Derived Characters
  • 𡽳(𫶊), 𢅡(𫷌), 𣁥, 𭧿, 𦡶(𰯂), 𥌈, 𥜓, 𧓦, 𠕱, 𧥈, 𧭗, 𧸦(𬥾), 𨊔, 𨣨(𰼏), 𫗝, 𩦹, 𩼳, 𪊇, 𩁱, 𥃢, 𦣸
  • 𣰦, 𡰛, 𲋌, 𩴵(𩴌), 𡮻, 𪇖(𬸡), 𡮼, 𡽾, 𣋣, 𫶻

Descendants

References

  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 796, character 2
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 23032
  • Dae Jaweon: page 1210, character 18
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 4, page 2566, character 3
  • Unihan data for U+76E3

Chinese

trad. 監
simp. 监
alternative forms 𧗄
譼／䛓
𧨭
𧩾

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 監
Shang Western Zhou Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Oracle bone script Bronze inscriptions Small seal script Transcribed ancient scripts
Characters in the same phonetic series () (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
藍 *ɡ·raːm
襤 *ɡ·raːm
籃 *ɡ·raːm
懢 *ɡ·raːm, *ɡ·raːms
儖 *ɡ·raːm
蘫 *ɡ·raːm, *qʰlaːms
攬 *ɡ·raːmʔ
欖 *ɡ·raːmʔ
覽 *ɡ·raːmʔ
爁 *ɡ·raːmʔ, *ɡ·raːms, *ɡ·rams
擥 *ɡ·raːmʔ
灠 *ɡ·raːmʔ
濫 *ɡ·raːms, *ɡraːmʔ
嚂 *ɡ·raːms, *kʰlaːms, *qʰlaːmʔ
纜 *ɡ·raːms
監 *kraːm, *kraːms
礛 *kraːm
鑑 *kraːm, *kraːms, *kraːms
艦 *ɡraːmʔ
檻 *ɡraːmʔ, *ɡraːms
壏 *ɡraːmʔ
轞 *ɡraːmʔ
鹽 *ɡ·lam, *ɡ·lams

The original version is a pictogram (象形) depicting a person with an emphasized eye looking into a container (Ji Xusheng, 2004).

Then, the whole character was stylized as a Ideogrammic compound (會意 / 会意): 臥 + 皿 and written as 𧗄. Later, the bottom component was turned into 血. Note the migration of the dot from 血 → 皿 to a third stroke of 人 → ⿱𠂉丶/⿱𠂉一.

Etymology

Compare Burmese ကြံ (kram, “to think, scheme”).[1]

Pronunciation 1

Note:
  • kaⁿ - vernacular;
  • kam/kàm - literary.
Note:
  • gam1 - Chaozhou, Shantou;
  • gang1 - Chenghai.
  • Dialectal data
Variety Location 監
Mandarin Beijing /t͡ɕian⁵⁵/
Harbin /t͡ɕian⁴⁴/
Tianjin /t͡ɕian²¹/
Jinan /t͡ɕiã²¹³/
Qingdao /t͡ɕiã²¹³/
Zhengzhou /t͡ɕian²⁴/
Xi'an /t͡ɕiã²¹/
Xining /t͡ɕiã⁴⁴/
Yinchuan /t͡ɕian⁴⁴/
Lanzhou /t͡ɕiɛ̃n³¹/
Ürümqi /t͡ɕian⁴⁴/
Wuhan /t͡ɕiɛn⁵⁵/
Chengdu /t͡ɕian⁵⁵/
Guiyang /t͡ɕian⁵⁵/
Kunming /t͡ɕiɛ̃⁴⁴/
Nanjing /t͡ɕien³¹/
Hefei /t͡ɕiĩ²¹/
Jin Taiyuan /t͡ɕie¹¹/
Pingyao /t͡ɕiɑŋ¹³/
/t͡ɕiɑŋ³⁵/ ～督
Hohhot /t͡ɕie³¹/
Wu Shanghai /ke⁵³/
Suzhou /ke̞⁵⁵/
Hangzhou /t͡ɕiẽ̞³³/
Wenzhou /ka³³/
Hui Shexian /t͡ɕie³¹/
/kɛ³¹/
Tunxi /kɔ¹¹/
Xiang Changsha /kan⁵⁵/
Xiangtan /kan⁵⁵/
Gan Nanchang /kan⁴²/
Hakka Meixian /kam⁴⁴/
Taoyuan /kɑm⁵⁵/
Cantonese Guangzhou /kam⁵³/
Nanning /kam⁵⁵/
Hong Kong /kam⁵⁵/
Min Xiamen (Hokkien) /kam⁵⁵/
/kã⁵⁵/
Fuzhou (Eastern Min) /kaŋ⁴⁴/
Jian'ou (Northern Min) /kaŋ³³/
Shantou (Teochew) /kam³³/
Haikou (Hainanese) /kam²³/ ～獄
/kam³⁵/ ～察
Rime
Character 監
Reading # 1/2
Initial (聲) 見 (28)
Final (韻) 銜 (149)
Tone (調) Level (Ø)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) II
Fanqie 谷銜切
Baxter kaem
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/kˠam/
Pan
Wuyun 		/kᵚam/
Shao
Rongfen 		/kam/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/kaɨm/
Li
Rong 		/kam/
Wang
Li 		/kam/
Bernhard
Karlgren 		/kam/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		jiān
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		gaam1
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 監
Reading # 1/2
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		jiān
Middle
Chinese 		‹ kæm ›
Old
Chinese 		/*[k]ˁram/
English inspect

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 監
Reading # 1/2
No. 6103
Phonetic
component
Rime
group 		談
Rime
subdivision 		1
Corresponding
MC rime
Old
Chinese 		/*kraːm/
Notes 鑑初文，象人俯視皿水察容（林義光陳獨秀說），非形聲字

Definitions

監

  1. to supervise; to oversee
  2. (historical) proctor; supervisor
  3. to control; to take charge; to direct
  4. (historical, of crown prince or senior statesman) to act for the monarch
  5. (historical) dukes or princes under an emperor
  6. (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) to imprison; to incarcerate
  7. prison; jail
  8. (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) to command; to lead
  9. (Cantonese) to force (somebody to do something)
Synonyms
Dialectal synonyms of 監獄 (“jail; prison”) [map]
Variety Location Words
Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 監獄, 監牢, 牢獄, 牢房
Northeastern Mandarin Beijing 監獄, 班房兒, 泡兒局 dated
Taiwan 監獄
Chifeng 監獄
Hulunbuir (Hailar) 監獄, 笆籬子
Harbin 監獄, 牢, 笆籬子
Shenyang 牢, 班房, 笆籬子
Singapore 監牢
Jilu Mandarin Tianjin 監獄
Tangshan 監獄
Cangzhou 監獄, 班房兒
Baoding 監獄
Shijiazhuang 監獄
Jinan 監獄, 監牢獄, 監
Jiaoliao Mandarin Yantai (Muping) 監牢獄, 監獄
Qingdao 監牢獄
Central Plains Mandarin Luoyang 監, 牢
Zhengzhou 監獄, 監, 牢
Xi'an 監獄, 監, 牢
Xining 牢, 班房
Xuzhou 監獄, 牢, 大圈兒, 八號兒
Sokuluk (Gansu Dungan) 班房子, 獄監
Lanyin Mandarin Yinchuan 監獄, 牢, 班房
Lanzhou 監獄, 班房子, 班房
Ürümqi 監獄, 牢, 笆籬子, 班房子
Southwestern Mandarin Chengdu 牢, 班房
Wuhan 監獄, 牢, 班房
Guiyang 監獄, 班房
Kunming 監獄, 牢, 班房
Guilin 監獄, 牢
Liuzhou 監獄, 牢
Jianghuai Mandarin Nanjing 牢
Yangzhou 牢監, 牢, 班房
Nantong 監牢, 牢
Hefei 監獄
Cantonese Guangzhou 監倉
Hong Kong 監獄, 監倉, 祠堂
Gan Nanchang 牢監, 班房
Pingxiang 班房
Hakka Meixian 監房
Yudu 班房
Miaoli (N. Sixian) 監獄
Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) 監獄仔
Pingtung (Wuluo, Ligang; S. Sixian) 監獄
Kaohsiung (Meinong; S. Sixian) 監獄
Kaohsiung (Shanlin; S. Sixian) 監獄
Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) 監獄
Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) 監獄
Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) 監獄
Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) 監獄
Huizhou Jixi 監牢
Shexian 監牢, 牢
Jin Taiyuan 牢, 班房
Xinzhou 監牢, 監, 牢房, 牢, 班房
Linhe 監獄, 監, 牢, 班房子
Jining 班房
Hohhot 監獄, 監, 牢, 獄, 班房
Zhangjiakou 監獄, 牢
Handan 監獄, 房子
Northern Min Jian'ou 班房
Eastern Min Fuzhou 監牢
Southern Min Xiamen 監獄, 監牢, 班館, 館仔 dated, 櫳仔 dated, 櫳間 dated, 鴿仔空 dated
Quanzhou 監獄, 監牢
Zhangzhou 監獄, 監牢, 班館, 館仔 dated, 櫳仔 dated
New Taipei (Tamsui) 監獄, 監牢
Kaohsiung 監獄
Kaohsiung (Dalinpu, Siaogang) 監獄, 櫳仔內
Yilan (Toucheng) 監獄
Tainan 監獄, 監牢, 櫳仔, 櫳仔間, 內籬仔 GT
Tainan (Anping) 監獄, 櫳仔內
Penghu (Xiyu) 監獄, 櫳仔內
Penang (Hokkien) 跤跔, 跤跔間
Singapore (Hokkien) 監牢, 釘鏈間
Manila (Hokkien) 跤跔, 監獄
Shantou 監獄
Singapore (Teochew) 釘鏈間, 監牢
Leizhou 監倉
Wu Shanghai 監牢, 牢監
Shanghai (Chongming) 監牢
Danyang 監牢
Hangzhou 牢監
Ningbo 牢監, 監牢
Wenzhou 牢監, 班房
Jinhua 監牢
Xiang Loudi 班房, 籠子
Note GT - General Taiwanese (no specific region identified)

Compounds

Pronunciation 2

Rime
Character 監
Reading # 2/2
Initial (聲) 見 (28)
Final (韻) 銜 (149)
Tone (調) Departing (H)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) II
Fanqie 格懺切
Baxter kaemH
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/kˠamH/
Pan
Wuyun 		/kᵚamH/
Shao
Rongfen 		/kamH/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/kaɨmH/
Li
Rong 		/kamH/
Wang
Li 		/kamH/
Bernhard
Karlgren 		/kamH/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		jiàn
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		gaam3
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 監
Reading # 2/2
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		jiàn
Middle
Chinese 		‹ kæmH ›
Old
Chinese 		/*kˁram-s/
English mirror

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 監
Reading # 2/2
No. 6106
Phonetic
component
Rime
group 		談
Rime
subdivision 		1
Corresponding
MC rime 		鑑
Old
Chinese 		/*kraːms/

Definitions

監

  1. (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) alternative form of 鑒 / 鉴 (jiàn, “mirror”)
  2. (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) to reflect; to see; to view
  3. (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) to use for reference; to draw lessons from
  4. (historical) supervisor; overseer
  5. (historical) imperial office
  6. (historical) eunuch

Compounds

References

  1. ^ Luce, G. H. (1981) “-AM Finals (5. to Think, Plan)”, in A Comparative Word-List of Old Burmese, Chinese and Tibetan, London: School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, →ISBN, page 41

Further reading

Japanese

Kanji

監

(Jōyō kanji)

  1. oversee
  2. bureaucrat
  3. government agency or office
  4. manage
  5. control or own

Readings

  • Go-on: けん (ken)
  • Kan-on: かん (kan, Jōyō)
  • Kun: みる (miru, 監る)

Etymology

Kanji in this term
監
かん
Grade: S
on'yomi

From Middle Chinese 監 (MC kaem).

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): [kã̠ɴ]

Affix

監(かん) • (kan) 

  1. to supervise; to inspect; to watch
  2. jail; jailhouse

Compounds

Korean

Hanja

監 (eumhun 볼 감 (bol gam))

  1. hanja form? of 감 (“supervision; overseeing”)

Compounds

Vietnamese

Han character

監: Hán Nôm readings: giam, giám, giớm, giợm, róm, giấm, lổm, ram, rướm, xám

  1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.
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