鹹
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Translingual
Han character
鹹 (Kangxi radical 197, 鹵+9, 20 strokes, cangjie input 卜田戈竹口 (YWIHR), four-corner 23650, composition ⿰鹵咸)
Related characters
- 咸 – simplified to an existing character.
See also
References
- Kangxi Dictionary: page 1507, character 20
- Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 47553
- Dae Jaweon: page 2035, character 22
- Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 7, page 4610, character 19
- Unihan data for U+9E79
Chinese
| trad. | 鹹 | |
|---|---|---|
| simp. | 咸* | |
| alternative forms | 醎 | |
Glyph origin
Characters in the same phonetic series (咸) (Zhengzhang, 2003)
| Old Chinese | |
|---|---|
| 感 | *kɯːmʔ |
| 鱤 | *kɯːmʔ |
| 顑 | *kʰɯːmʔ, *ŋɡrɯːms |
| 轗 | *kʰɯːmʔ, *kʰɯːms |
| 撼 | *ɡɯːmʔ |
| 憾 | *ɡɯːms |
| 喊 | *qʰaːmʔ, *qʰrɯːmʔ, *ɡrɯːmʔ |
| 緘 | *krɯːm |
| 瑊 | *krɯːm, *kjum |
| 黬 | *krɯːm, *ŋɡrɯːm |
| 減 | *krɯːmʔ, *ɡrɯːmʔ |
| 羬 | *ŋɡrɯːm, *ɡram |
| 麙 | *ŋɡrɯːm |
| 咸 | *ɡrɯːm |
| 鹹 | *ɡrɯːm |
| 醎 | *ɡrɯːm |
| 諴 | *ɡrɯːm |
| 椷 | *ɡrɯːm |
| 輱 | *ɡrɯːm |
| 鍼 | *ɡam, *ɡram, *kjɯm |
| 箴 | *kjɯm |
| 葴 | *kjɯm |
| 鱵 | *kjum |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *ɡrɯːm): semantic 鹵 (“salt”) + phonetic 咸 (OC *ɡrɯːm).
Etymology
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *hjam (“salty”) or *g-rjum (“salt”); compare Chepang ल्हाम्सा (hlam‑, “salty (not excessively)”), Jingpho jum (“salt”) (STEDT).
Pronunciation
- Mandarin
- Cantonese
- Gan (Wiktionary): han2
- Hakka
- Jin (Wiktionary): xie1
- Northern Min (KCR): gěng
- Eastern Min (BUC): gèng / hàng
- Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): gieng2
- Southern Min
- Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): 6ghe; 6yi
- Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): han2
- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Hanyu Pinyin: xián
- Zhuyin: ㄒㄧㄢˊ
- Tongyong Pinyin: sián
- Wade–Giles: hsien2
- Yale: syán
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: shyan
- Palladius: сянь (sjanʹ)
- Sinological IPA (key): /ɕi̯ɛn³⁵/
- (Chengdu)
- Sichuanese Pinyin: han2
- Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: xan
- Sinological IPA (key): /xan²¹/
- (Dungan)
- (Note: Dungan pronunciation is currently experimental and may be inaccurate.)
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Jyutping: haam4
- Yale: hàahm
- Cantonese Pinyin: haam4
- Guangdong Romanization: ham4
- Sinological IPA (key): /haːm²¹/
- (Taishanese, Taicheng)
- Wiktionary: ham3
- Sinological IPA (key): /ham²²/
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Gan
- Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
- Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: hàm
- Hakka Romanization System: hamˇ
- Hagfa Pinyim: ham2
- Sinological IPA: /ham¹¹/
- (Meixian)
- Guangdong: ham2
- Sinological IPA: /ham¹¹/
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
- Jin
- Northern Min
- (Jian'ou)
- Kienning Colloquial Romanized: gěng
- Sinological IPA (key): /keiŋ²¹/
- (Jian'ou)
- Eastern Min
Note:
- gèng - vernacular;
- hàng - literary.
- Puxian Min
- (Putian)
- Pouseng Ping'ing: gieng2
- Báⁿ-uā-ci̍: giáng
- Sinological IPA (key): /kiɛŋ¹³/
- (Xianyou)
- Pouseng Ping'ing: gieng2
- Sinological IPA (key): /kiɛŋ²⁴/
- (Putian)
- Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kiâm
- Tâi-lô: kiâm
- Phofsit Daibuun: kiaam
- IPA (Xiamen, Quanzhou, Taipei): /kiam²⁴/
- IPA (Kaohsiung): /kiam²³/
- IPA (Zhangzhou): /kiam¹³/
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hâm
- Tâi-lô: hâm
- Phofsit Daibuun: haam
- IPA (Xiamen, Quanzhou): /ham²⁴/
- IPA (Zhangzhou): /ham¹³/
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
Note:
- kiâm - vernacular;
- hâm - literary.
- (Teochew)
- Peng'im: giam5
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: kiâm
- Sinological IPA (key): /kiam⁵⁵/
- Wu
Note:
- 3hhe - vernacular;
- 3hhi - literary.
- Dialectal data
- Middle Chinese: heam
- Old Chinese
- (Baxter–Sagart): /*Cə.[ɡ]ˤr[o]m/
- (Zhengzhang): /*ɡrɯːm/
Definitions
鹹
- salty; briny
- (Southern Min) stingy; miserly
- (Southern Min) rice topping; viand
- (Teochew, of clothes) dirty; unwashed
- (Cantonese, Hailufeng Min) erotic; pornographic; obscene
- (Yangjiang Yue) salt
Synonyms
Dialectal synonyms of 吝嗇 (“stingy; miserly”) [map]
Dialectal synonyms of 菜 (“dish; vegetable or meat dish”) [map]
Dialectal synonyms of 鹽 (“(table) salt”) [map]
Compounds
- 八珍鹹粥 / 八珍咸粥
- 半鹹水湖 / 半咸水湖
- 托葷鹹食 / 托荤咸食
- 舄鹹 / 舄咸
- 說鹹道淡 / 说咸道淡
- 酸鹹 / 酸咸
- 酸鹹苦辣 / 酸咸苦辣
- 鯹鹹 / 鯹咸
- 鹵鹹 / 卤咸
- 鹹丸子 / 咸丸子
- 鹹味 / 咸味 (xiánwèi)
- 鹹嘴淡舌 / 咸嘴淡舌
- 鹹土 / 咸土
- 鹹壤 / 咸壤
- 鹹杬子 / 咸杬子
- 鹹水 / 咸水 (xiánshuǐ)
- 鹹水妹 / 咸水妹 (xiánshuǐmèi)
- 鹹水湖 / 咸水湖 (xiánshuǐhú)
- 鹹水魚 / 咸水鱼 (xiánshuǐyú)
- 鹹汁 / 咸汁
- 鹹池 / 咸池
- 鹹泉 / 咸泉
- 鹹海 / 咸海 (Xiánhǎi)
- 鹹浸浸 / 咸浸浸
- 鹹淡 / 咸淡 (xiándàn)
- 鹹湖 / 咸湖 (xiánhú)
- 鹹溜溜 / 咸溜溜
- 鹹潟 / 咸潟
- 鹹潮 / 咸潮 (xiáncháo)
- 鹹澀 / 咸涩 (xiánsè)
- 鹹濕 / 咸湿 (xiánshī)
- 鹹片 / 咸片
- 鹹絲絲 / 咸丝丝
- 鹹肉 / 咸肉 (xiánròu)
- 鹹肉莊 / 咸肉庄
- 鹹腥 / 咸腥
- 鹹臭 / 咸臭
- 鹹舄 / 咸舄
- 鹹苦 / 咸苦
- 鹹草 / 咸草
- 鹹菜 / 咸菜 (xiáncài)
- 鹹菹 / 咸菹
- 鹹葅 / 咸葅
- 鹹虀 / 咸虀
- 鹹蛋 / 咸蛋 (xiándàn)
- 鹹蟲 / 咸虫
- 鹹解 / 咸解
- 鹹豉 / 咸豉
- 鹹豬手 / 咸猪手 (xiánzhūshǒu)
- 鹹酸 / 咸酸 (xiánsuān)
- 鹹風蛋雨 / 咸风蛋雨
- 鹹魚 / 咸鱼 (xiányú)
- 鹹魚翻生 / 咸鱼翻生
- 鹹魚翻身 / 咸鱼翻身 (xiányú fānshēn)
- 鹹鴨卵 / 咸鸭卵 (xiányāluǎn)
- 鹹鴨蛋 / 咸鸭蛋 (xiányādàn)
- 鹹鹵 / 咸卤
- 鹹鹺 / 咸鹾
- 鹹鹽 / 咸盐 (xiányán)
- 鹹龍 / 咸龙
- 鹺鹹 / 鹾咸
Descendants
- → Proto-Southwestern Tai: *ɡemᴬ
- → Zhuang: hamz
See also
| Basic tastes in Chinese · 味道 (layout · text) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 甜 (tián) | 酸 (suān) | 鹹 / 咸 (xián) | 苦 | 辣 (là) | 鮮味 / 鲜味 (xiānwèi) |
References
- “鹹”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)[1], 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–
Japanese
Kanji
鹹
Readings
Compounds
Korean
Hanja
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Vietnamese
Han character
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