昨日

Chinese

Pronunciation 1

yesterday
day; sun; date
day; sun; date; day of the month; Japan (abbrev.)
 
simp. and trad.
(昨日)
anagram 日昨

Note: zok6 jat6 - prescribed.
Note:
  • za2 rig8 - Chaozhou, Shantou;
  • za1 rig8 - Chenghai, Johor Bahru;
  • zao1 rig8 - Jieyang.
  • Wu
    • (Northern: Shanghai)
      • Wugniu: 8zoq-gniq; 6zo-gniq
      • MiniDict: zoh nyih; zo nyih
      • Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): 5zoq-nyiq; 3zo-nyiq
      • Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /zoʔ¹¹ n̠ʲiɪʔ²³/, /zo²² n̠ʲiɪʔ⁴⁴/
  • Xiang
    • (Changsha)
      • Wiktionary: zo2 r6
      • Sinological IPA (key): /t͡so¹³ ʐ̩²⁴/
    • (Hengyang)
      • Wiktionary: zo2 xi2
      • Sinological IPA (key): /d̥͡z̥o¹¹ ʑ̊i¹¹/

Rime
Character
Reading # 1/1 1/1
Initial () (15) (38)
Final () (103) (48)
Tone (調) Checked (Ø) Checked (Ø)
Openness (開合) Open Open
Division () I III
Fanqie
Baxter dzak nyit
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang
/d͡zɑk̚/ /ȵiɪt̚/
Pan
Wuyun
/d͡zɑk̚/ /ȵit̚/
Shao
Rongfen
/d͡zɑk̚/ /ȵʑjet̚/
Edwin
Pulleyblank
/d͡zak̚/ /ȵit̚/
Li
Rong
/d͡zɑk̚/ /ȵiĕt̚/
Wang
Li
/d͡zɑk̚/ /ȵʑĭĕt̚/
Bernhard
Karlgren
/d͡zʱɑk̚/ /ȵʑi̯ĕt̚/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex
zuó
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex
zok6 jat6

Noun

昨日

  1. (formal or dialectal) yesterday
    啥體昨日嘸沒上班 [Shanghainese, trad.]
    啥体昨日呒没上班 [Shanghainese, simp.]
    6non 5sa--thi5 7tsoq-gniq8 6m-meq8 6zaon-pe1-chi5 [Wugniu]
    Why didn't you go to work yesterday?
Synonyms
Descendants
Sino-Xenic (昨日):
  • Japanese: 昨日(さくじつ) (sakujitsu)
  • Korean: 작일(昨日) (jagil)

Pronunciation 2

yesterday
day; sun; date
day; sun; date; day of the month; Japan (abbrev.)
 
simp. and trad.
(昨日)
alternative forms 佐日
anagram 日昨

Noun

昨日

  1. (Min) day before yesterday
    𪜶翁仔某昨日出國𨑨迌 [Hokkien, trad.]
    𪜶翁仔某昨日出国𨑨迌 [Hokkien, simp.]
    In nn̄g ang-á-bó͘ cho̍h--ji̍t tō chhut-kok khì chhit-thô--ah. [Pe̍h-ōe-jī]
    The husband and wife went out of the country the day before yesterday to play.
Synonyms

Japanese

Etymology 1

Kanji in this term
きのう
Grade: 4 Grade: 1
jukujikun

/ki no pu//kinoɸu/ → */kinowu//kinou//kinoː/

From Old Japanese, ultimately from Proto-Japonic *kinəpu.

The initial ki is unclear, but is likely the same ki element that appears in other words pertaining to the past. This may be related to the now-obsolete auxiliary verb (ki) indicating the recollective past -- see けり (keri). The middle no appears to be the regular genitive particle (no). The final pu is an apophonic form of (hi, day),[1] also found in 今日 (kepu→kyō, today).

Martin suggests that the initial ki might also be related to Old Japanese (ku, to come), modern 来る (kuru),[2] presumably via the 連用形 (ren'yōkei, continuative or stem form) of ki. However, this is problematic both semantically, as "the coming day" would presumably refer to tomorrow rather than yesterday; and grammatically, as a verb modifying a noun would be expected to conjugate into the regular attributive form (for (ku) that would be kuru), rather than into the continuative form that then necessitates a particle.

The kanji are orthographic borrowing from Chinese 昨日 (zuórì).

Pronunciation

  • のーの
  • Category:Japanese terms with Nakadaka pitch accent deaccented before の (Tōkyō)

Noun

昨日(きのう) • (kinōきのふ (kinofu)?

  1. yesterday
    昨日(きのう)(とう)(きょう)(くも)でした
    Kinō, Tōkyō wa kumori deshita ka.
    Was it cloudy in Tokyo yesterday?

Etymology 2

Kanji in this term
さく
Grade: 4
じつ
Grade: 1
kan'on

From Middle Chinese compound 昨日 (dzak nyit, literally yesterday + day ). Compare modern Cantonese reading zok6 jat6.

Pronunciation

Noun

(さく)(じつ) • (sakujitsu

  1. yesterday

Etymology 3

Kanji in this term
きそ
Grade: 4 Grade: 1
jukujikun
Alternative spelling
昨夜

From Old Japanese. The initial ki is unclear, but is likely the same ki element that appears in other words pertaining to the past. This may be related to the now-obsolete auxiliary verb (ki) indicating the recollective past -- see けり (keri). The final so is also unclear, but is probably the same as the final zo in 去年(こぞ) (kozo).[1]

This may have been read as kizo in Old Japanese.[1][4]

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): [kʲiso̞]

Noun

昨日(きそ) • (kiso

  1. last night
  2. yesterday
Coordinate terms
(Time)
(Day) (Week) (Month) (Year) (Morning) (Morning) (Evening) (Evening) (Night)
Every 毎日, 日日 毎週 毎月, 月月 毎年, 年年 毎朝 毎晩 毎夜
Every other 隔週 隔月 隔年
Whole 日間, 日中, 終日 週間 月間 年間, 年中, 終年 夜間, 夜中, 終夜
Half 半日 半月 半年
Absolute −3 一昨昨日, 一昨々日 一昨昨年, 再昨年
−2 一昨日 先々週 先々月 一昨年 一昨朝 一昨晩 一昨夜
−1 昨日 先週, 昨週 先月, 後月, 去月, 昨月 去年, 昨年, 旧年 昨暁 昨朝 昨夕 昨晩 昨夜
0 今日, 本日 今週 今月, 本月 今年, 本年 今暁 今朝 今夕 今晩, 今宵 今夜
+1 明日 来週, 次週 来月 来年, 明年 明朝 明晩 明夜
+2 明後日 再来週 再来月 再来年, 明後年
+3 明明後日, 弥の明後日
+4 弥の明後日, 明明後日, 明明明後日
Relative −2 前前日 前前週 前前月 前前年
−1 前日 前週 前月 前年 前夕 前夜
0 当日, 同日 当週 当月 当年, 同年 当夜
+1 翌日 翌週 翌月 翌年 翌朝 翌晩
+2 翌翌日 翌翌週 翌翌月 翌翌年
Usage note: 前 and 翌 may be repeated further or instead use the iteration mark

References

  1. 1.0 1.1 1.2 Shōgaku Tosho (1988) 国語大辞典(新装版) [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN
  2. ^ Samuel E. Martin (1987) The Japanese Language Through Time, New Haven, London: Yale University Press, →ISBN, page 451
  3. 3.0 3.1 3.2 NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN
  4. 4.0 4.1 4.2 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
  5. 5.0 5.1 5.2 Kindaichi, Kyōsuke et al., editors (1997), 新明解国語辞典 [Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten] (in Japanese), Fifth edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

Korean

Hanja in this term

Noun

昨日 • (jagil) (hangeul 작일)

  1. hanja form? of 작일 (yesterday)

Northern Amami Ōshima

Kanji in this term
Grade: 4 Grade: 1

Noun

昨日(きぬ) (kinu

  1. yesterday

See also