亡

亡 U+4EA1, 亡 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4EA1 ← 亠 [U+4EA0] CJK Unified Ideographs 亢 → [U+4EA2]

Stroke order

亡 (Kangxi radical 8, 亠+1, 3 strokes, cangjie input 卜女 (YV), four-corner 0071₀, composition ⿱亠𠃊(G) or ⿱亠㇄(HTJKV) or ⿱丶匸 or ⿱丨匸)

• 吂, 杗, 杧, 芒, 忙, 衁, 邙, 𢇜, 𡦽, 𥤩, 牤, 虻, 䖟, 蝱, 䰶, 𨑑, 𥝕, 笀, 𰫘, 𪢷, 甿, 𤰡, 𡵀, 𥐞, 㠵, 𢁣, 𠺯, 釯, 𰶲, 汒, 巟, 妄

• Kangxi Dictionary: page 88, character 3
• Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 287
• Dae Jaweon: page 184, character 13
• Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 279, character 5
• Unihan data for U+4EA1

trad.		亡/亾
simp.		亡
alternative forms		𬼖

Ideogram (指事): a line on 刀 – cutting edge of a knife; the original form of 芒 (OC *maːŋ, *maŋ, “edge of a knife”).

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *maŋ, which may be decomposed into *ma (“not”) + the Proto-Sino-Tibetan terminative suffix *-ŋ. Cognate with 忘 (OC *maŋ, *maŋs, “to forget”), 罔 (OC *mlaŋʔ, “to not have”), 荒 (OC *hmaːŋ, *hmaːŋs, “to waste (land, time)”) and 喪 (OC *smaːŋs, *smaːŋ, “to lose”).

The meaning of Pronunciation 2 is attested by the Oracle bone script. It is traditionally considered to be a variant of 無 (OC *ma), and its reading is thus semantically applied. However, evidence shows that its meaning was more similar to "無之" ("to not have it, to have none"), and Shijing rhymes suggests that it originally was read like Pronunciation 1, which suggests that it was ultimately also from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *ma (“not”) + Proto-Sino-Tibetan terminative suffix *-ŋ (Pulleyblank, 1995).

亡

1. to run away; to flee; to escape

   逃亡  ―  táowáng  ―  to flee

   • 晉公子生十七年而亡。 [Traditional Chinese poetry, trad.]
     晋公子生十七年而亡。 [Traditional Chinese poetry, simp.]

     From: Guoyu, circa 4^th century BCE

     Jìn gōngzǐ shēng shíqī nián ér wáng. [Pinyin]

     The scion of the royal house of Jin fled when he was seventeen.

2. to lose

   亡佚  ―  wángyì  ―  to be lost

   亡羊補牢／亡羊补牢  ―  wángyángbǔláo  ―  to repair the pen after sheep is lost

3. (intransitive) to be destroyed; to become extinct; to die out

   • 國家將亡，必有妖孽。 [Traditional Chinese poetry, trad.]
     国家将亡，必有妖孽。 [Traditional Chinese poetry, simp.]

     From: The Book of Rites, c. 4^th – 2^nd century BCE

     Guójiā jiāng wáng, bì yǒu yāoniè. [Pinyin]

     [and] when it is about to perish, there are sure to be unlucky omens.

   滅亡／灭亡  ―  mièwáng  ―  to perish

4. (transitive) to destroy; to annihilate; to exterminate

   • 帝國主義亡我之心不死 [MSC, trad.]
     帝国主义亡我之心不死 [MSC, simp.]

     dìguózhǔyì wáng wǒ zhī xīn bù sǐ [Pinyin]

     the imperialists have not given up on the desire to subjugate our country

5. to die

   死亡  ―  sǐwáng  ―  to die

   亡妻  ―  wángqī  ―  deceased wife

6. (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) alternative form of 忘 (wàng, “to forget”)

• (to run away):

• (to lose):

• (to be destroyed):

• (to destroy):

• (to die):

亡

1. (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) alternative form of 無 / 无 (“not have”)

   • 何有何亡，黽勉求之。 [Pre-Classical Chinese, trad.]
     何有何亡，黾勉求之。 [Pre-Classical Chinese, simp.]

     From: The Classic of Poetry, c. 11^th – 7^th centuries BCE, translated based on James Legge's version

     Hé yǒu hé wú, mǐn miǎn qiú zhī. [Pinyin]

     Whether we had plenty or not, I exerted myself to be getting.

   • 夷狄之有君，不如諸夏之亡也。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
     夷狄之有君，不如诸夏之亡也。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]

     From: The Analects of Confucius, c. 475 – 221 BCE, translated based on James Legge's version

     Yídí zhī yǒu jūn, bùrú zhūxià zhī wú yě. [Pinyin]

     The rude tribes of the east and north have their princes, and are not like the States of our great land which are without them.

   • 司馬牛憂曰：「人皆有兄弟，我獨亡。」 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
     司马牛忧曰：「人皆有兄弟，我独亡。」 [Classical Chinese, simp.]

     From: The Analects of Confucius, c. 475 – 221 BCE, translated based on James Legge's version

     Sīmǎ Niú yōu yuē: “Rén jiē yǒu xiōngdì, wǒ dú wú.” [Pinyin]

     Sima Niu, full of anxiety, said, "Other men all have their brothers, I only have not."

2. (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) alternative form of 毋 (wú, “don't”)

• 諸橋轍次 (Morohashi Tetsuji), chief ed. 大漢和辞典 (Dai Kan-Wa Jiten, “Comprehensive Chinese–Japanese Dictionary”). 13 vols. 1955–1960. Revised and enlarged ed. 1984–1986. Tokyo: Taishukan.

(Sixth grade kyōiku kanji)

1. destroy
2. fall; collapse
3. not exist; nonexistent
4. run away

• Go-on: もう (mō, Jōyō ^†)^{←まう (mau, historical)}
• Kan-on: ぼう (bō, Jōyō)^{←ばう (bau, historical)}
• Kun: ない (nai, 亡い, Jōyō)、なき (naki, 亡き)、ほろぶ (horobu, 亡ぶ)、ほろびる (horobiru, 亡びる)、ほろぼす (horobosu, 亡ぼす)

As an alternative form of 無 (“not”):

• Go-on: む (mu)
• Kan-on: ぶ (bu)
• Kun: ない (nai, 亡い, Jōyō)、なき (naki, 亡き)

From Middle Chinese 亡 (MC mjang).

Wikisource

亡 (eumhun 망할 망 (manghal mang))

1. hanja form^? of 망 (“destroy; collapse”)

Related to Middle Chinese 無 (MC mju).

亡 (eumhun 없을 무 (eopseul mu))

1. alternative form of 無 (“hanja form^? of 무 (“not”)”)

• 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典. [1]

亡: Hán Nôm readings: vong, vô

亡

chữ Hán form of vong (“(only in compounds) to perish”)

• Nom Foundation